Editing Vegetarianism (section)

===Literature===
In Western literature, vegetarianism, and topics that relate to it, have informed a "gamut of literary genres", whether [[literary fiction]] or those fictions focusing on [[utopias]], [[dystopias]], or [[apocalypses]], with authors shaped by questions about human identity and "our relation to the environment", implicating vegetarianism and veganism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/20/top-10-books-about-vegetarians |title=Top 10 books about vegetarians |last=Kirshenbaum |first=Binnie |date=November 20, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229181842/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/nov/20/top-10-books-about-vegetarians |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theoxfordblue.co.uk/2020/09/01/love-death-and-quorn-vegetarianism-in-literature/ |title=Love, death and Quorn: vegetarianism in literature |last=Khulusi |first=Ella |date=September 1, 2020 |website=The Oxford Blue |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012025604/https://www.theoxfordblue.co.uk/2020/09/01/love-death-and-quorn-vegetarianism-in-literature/ |archive-date=October 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Others have pointed to the lack of "memorable characters" who are vegetarian.<ref name="Martin2016">{{cite news |url=https://lithub.com/5-fictional-vegetarians-who-defy-stereotypes/ |title=5 Fictional Vegetarians Who Defy Stereotypes |last=Martin |first=Kristen |date=August 17, 2016 |work=Lit Hub |access-date=September 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617192439/https://lithub.com/5-fictional-vegetarians-who-defy-stereotypes/ |archive-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> There are also vegetarian themes in [[horror fiction]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Packham |first1=Jimmy |date=September 14, 2019 |title=Children of the Quorn: The Vegetarian, Raw, and the Horrors of Vegetarianism |url=https://gothicnaturejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Packham_78-102_Gothic-Nature-1_2019.pdf |journal=Gothic Nature |volume=1 |pages=78–102 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331062307/https://gothicnaturejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Packham_78-102_Gothic-Nature-1_2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[science fiction]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Bulleid |first=Joshua |date=2020 |editor1-last=Kendal |editor1-first=Zachary |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Aisling |editor3-last=Champion |editor3-first=Giulia |editor4-last=Milner |editor4-first=Andrew |chapter=Better Societies for the Ethical Treatment of Animals: Vegetarianism and the Utopian Tradition |title=Ethical Futures and Global Science Fiction |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKbMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |pages=65–66 |isbn=9783030278939 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023409/https://books.google.com/books?id=hKbMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> and poetry.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Rourke |first=Lee |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Trauma, vegetarianism, and poetry: the best new novels |url=https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4872/trauma-vegetarianism-and-poetry-the-best-new-novels |magazine=[[New Humanist]] |location=[[London]] |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221027/https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/4872/trauma-vegetarianism-and-poetry-the-best-new-novels |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1818, [[Mary Shelley]] published the novel ''[[Frankenstein]]''. Writer and [[animal rights]] advocate [[Carol J. Adams]] argued in her seminal book, ''[[The Sexual Politics of Meat]]'' that [[Frankenstein's monster|the unnamed creature]] in the novel was a vegetarian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Carol J. |year=2010 |orig-year=1990 |chapter=Frankenstein's Vegetarian Monster |title=The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory |edition=20th Anniversary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uK-RFEqfu0C&pg=PA148 |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[A&C Black]] |pages=148–161 |isbn=978-1441173287 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023406/https://books.google.com/books?id=_uK-RFEqfu0C&pg=PA148 |url-status=live }}</ref> She argued that the book was "indebted to the vegetarian climate" of its day and that vegetarianism is a major theme in the novel as a whole. She notes that the creature gives an "emotional speech" talking about its dietary principles, which makes it a "more sympathetic being" than others. She also said that it connected with [[Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era]] who believed that the [[Garden of Eden]] was meatless, rewrote the myth of [[Prometheus]], the ideas of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], and [[feminist]] symbolism. Adams concludes that it is more likely that the "vegetarian revelations" in the novel are "silenced" due to the lack of a "framework into which we can assimilate them." Apart from Adams, scholar Suzanne Samples pointed to "gendered spaces of eating and consumption" within [[Victorian era|Victorian England]] which influenced literary characters of the time.<ref name="samples">{{cite thesis |last=Samples |first=Suzanne |date=August 3, 2013 |title=Disorderly Eating in Victorian England |type=PhD |publisher=[[Auburn University]] |url=https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/3775/DISSERTATION2013Samples.pdf;jsessionid=D4DD20AEADBEECFE93EDD75AE969B7DC?sequence=2 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |pages=ii, 1-31, 39-40, 57-58 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008213232/https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/3775/DISSERTATION2013Samples.pdf;jsessionid=D4DD20AEADBEECFE93EDD75AE969B7DC?sequence=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> This included works such as [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]]'s poem titled ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]],'' [[Christina Rossetti]]'s volume of poetry titled ''[[Goblin Market and Other Poems]]'', [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', [[Mary Seacole]]'s autographical account titled ''[[Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands]]'', and [[Anthony Trollope]]'s novel titled ''[[Orley Farm (novel)|Orley Farm]]''. Samples also argued that vegetarianism in the Victorian era "presented a unique lifestyle choice that avoided meat but promoted an awareness of health", which initially was seen as rebellious but later became more normalized.<ref name="samples" />

In [[Irene Clyde]]'s 1909 [[feminist utopia]]n novel, ''[[Beatrice the Sixteenth]]'', Mary Hatherley accidentally [[Time travel|travels through time]], discovering a [[lost world]], which is a [[Postgenderism|postgender]] society named Armeria, with the inhabitants following a strict vegetarian diet, having ceased to slaughter animals for over a thousand years. Some reviewers of the book praised the vegetarianism of the Armerians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=G.|first=A.|date=January 1910|title=In Womanland|url=https://www.nevillegoddardbooks.com/PDF%20BOOKS/theosophist_v31_n4_jan_1910.pdf|journal=The Theosophist|volume=31|issue=4|pages=538|access-date=December 12, 2022|archive-date=November 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127142618/https://www.nevillegoddardbooks.com/PDF%20BOOKS/theosophist_v31_n4_jan_1910.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[James Joyce]]'s 1922 novel, ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' is said to have vegetarian themes. Scholar Peter Adkins argued that while Joyce was critical of the vegetarianism of George A.E. Russell, the novel engages with "questions of animal ethics through its portrayal of Ireland's cattle industry, animal slaughter and the cultural currency of meat," unlike some of his other novels. He also stated that the novel "historicizes and theorizes animal life and death," and that it demonstrates the ways that symbolism and materiality of meat are "co-opted within patriarchal political structures," putting it in the same space as theorists like [[Carol J. Adams]], [[Donna J. Haraway]], [[Laura Wright]], and [[Cary Wolfe]], and writers such as [[J. M. Coetzee]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adkins |first1=Peter |date=2017 |title=The Eyes of That Cow: Eating Animals and Theorizing Vegetarianism in James Joyce'sUlysses |journal=Humanities |volume=6 |issue=46 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.3390/H6030046 |s2cid=157246928 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11820/9ff4960b-064d-4cc4-a54c-a0a1f50fbff9 |hdl-access=free }} [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/6/3/46 ALT URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212023409/https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0787/6/3/46 |date=December 12, 2022 }}</ref>

In 1997, S. Reneé Wheeler wrote in the ''Vegetarian Journal'', saying that "finding books with vegetarian themes" is important for helping children "feel legitimate in being vegetarian."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheeler |first=S. Reneé |title=The Importance of Vegetarian Culture |journal=Vegetarian Journal |date=September–October 1997 |volume=16 |issue=5 |url=https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj97sep/979cult.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119074124/https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj97sep/979cult.htm |archive-date=January 19, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2020}}</ref> In 2004, writer [[J. M. Coetzee]] argued that since the "mode of consciousness of nonhuman species is quite different from human consciousness," it is hard for writers to realize this for animals, with a "temptation to project upon them feelings and thoughts that [[Anthropomorphism|may belong only to our own human mind and heart]]," and stated that reviewers have ignored the presence of animals in his books. He also stated that animals are present in his "fiction either not at all or in a merely subsidiary role" because they occupy "a subsidiary place in our lives" and argued that it is not "possible to write about the inner lives of animals in any complex way."<ref>{{cite interview |last=Coetzee |first=J.M. |subject-link=J. M. Coetzee |interviewer=Henrik Engström |title=Animals, Humans, Cruelty and Literature: A Rare Interview with J. M. Coetzee |url=http://www.satyamag.com/may04/coetzee.html |publisher=Setya |location=Sweden |date=May 2004 |work=Djurens Rätt |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014003320/http://www.satyamag.com/may04/coetzee.html |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |url-status=live}} Reprinted from Djurens Rätt (magazine)</ref>

In 2014, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' published a [[short story]] by [[Jonathan Lethem]] titled "Pending Vegan"<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lethem |first=Jonathan |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Pending Vegan |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/07/pending-vegan |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |location=United States |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022094643/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/04/07/pending-vegan |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> which follows "one family, a husband and wife and their four-year-old twin daughters" on a trip to [[SeaWorld]] in [[San Diego]], [[California]]. The protagonist of the story, Paul Espeseth, renames himself "Pending Vegan" in order to acknowledge his "increasing uneasiness with the relationship between man and beast."<ref>{{cite interview |last=Lethem |first=Jonathan |interviewer=Cressida Leyshon |title=This Week in Fiction: Jonathan Lethem |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/this-week-in-fiction-jonathan-lethem |location=United States |date=March 30, 2014 |work=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116131207/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/this-week-in-fiction-jonathan-lethem |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, a three-part Korean novel by [[Han Kang]] titled ''[[The Vegetarian]]'' was published in the U.S.,{{efn|It was published in 2015 in the U.K. and in [[South Korea]] in 2007}} which focuses on a woman named Young-hye, who "sees vegetarianism as a way of not inflicting harm on anything," with eating meat symbolizing human violence itself, and later identifies as a plant rather than as a human "and stops eating entirely."<ref>{{cite interview |last=Kang |first=Han |subject-link=Han Kang |title=K-Literature Writers: Han Kang |url=https://library.ltikorea.or.kr/node/15724 |publisher=Digital Library of Korean Literature |location=Online |date=October 20, 2014 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210211740/https://library.ltikorea.or.kr/node/15724 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some argued the book was 
more about [[mental illness]] than vegetarianism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crf.org.sg/blogs/uncategorized/reading-while-vegan-review-of-sapiens |title=Reading While Vegan: Review of 'Sapiens' |last=Jacobs |first=George |date=2020 |website=Center for a Responsible Future |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007180433/https://www.crf.org.sg/blogs/uncategorized/reading-while-vegan-review-of-sapiens |archive-date=October 7, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Others compared it to fictional works by [[Margaret Atwood]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Chloë |year=2020 |chapter=Vegan madness: Han Kang's The Vegetarian |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003014270/chapters/10.4324/9781003014270-16 |editor1-last=Jenkins |editor1-first=Stephanie |editor2-last=Montford |editor2-first=Kelly Struthers |editor3-last=Taylor |editor3-first=Chloë |title=Disability and Animality Crip Perspectives in Critical Animal Studies |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003014270 |language=en |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.4324/9781003014270 |isbn=9781003014270 |s2cid=214241975 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220130/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003014270/disability-animality-chlo%C3%AB-taylor-kelly-struthers-montford-stephanie-jenkins |url-status=live }}</ref>