Editing Tuberculosis (section)

=== Art and literature ===

[[File:Munch Det Syke Barn 1885-86.jpg|thumb|Painting ''[[The Sick Child (Munch)|The Sick Child]]'' by [[Edvard Munch]], 1885–1886, depicts the illness of his sister Sophie, who died of tuberculosis when Edvard was 14; his mother also died of the disease.]]
{{main|Cultural depictions of tuberculosis}}

Tuberculosis was for centuries associated with [[poet]]ic and [[art]]istic qualities among those infected, and was also known as "the romantic disease".<ref name="Lawlor">{{cite web| vauthors = Lawlor C |title=Katherine Byrne, Tuberculosis and the Victorian Literary Imagination|url=http://www.bsls.ac.uk/reviews/romantic-and-victorian/katherine-byrne-tuberculosis-and-the-victorian-literary-imagination/|publisher=British Society for Literature and Science|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106070752/http://www.bsls.ac.uk/reviews/romantic-and-victorian/katherine-byrne-tuberculosis-and-the-victorian-literary-imagination/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Byrne K | title=Tuberculosis and the Victorian Literary Imagination |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-107-67280-2}}</ref> Major artistic figures such as the poets [[John Keats]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and [[Edgar Allan Poe]], the composer [[Frédéric Chopin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=About Chopin's illness|url=http://www.iconsofeurope.com/chopin.tuberculosis.htm|publisher=Icons of Europe|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150213/http://www.iconsofeurope.com/chopin.tuberculosis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> the playwright [[Anton Chekhov]], the novelists [[Franz Kafka]], [[Katherine Mansfield]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vilaplana C | title = A literary approach to tuberculosis: lessons learned from Anton Chekhov, Franz Kafka, and Katherine Mansfield | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 56 | pages = 283–85 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27993687 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Charlotte Brontë]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[W. Somerset Maugham]],<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Rogal SJ |title=A William Somerset Maugham Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0MqigagKTkC&pg=PA245 |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |isbn=978-0-313-29916-2 |page=245 |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212607/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0MqigagKTkC&pg=PA245 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[George Orwell]],<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Eschner K |title=George Orwell Wrote '1984' While Dying of Tuberculosis |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-orwell-wrote-1984-while-dying-tuberculosis-180962608/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324161820/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-orwell-wrote-1984-while-dying-tuberculosis-180962608/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], and the artists [[Alice Neel]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/issue/293/22 |page=cover |date=8 June 2005 |volume=293 |issue=22 |title=Tuberculosis (whole issue) |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824105736/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/issue/293/22 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jean-Antoine Watteau]], [[Elizabeth Siddal]], [[Marie Bashkirtseff]], [[Edvard Munch]], [[Aubrey Beardsley]] and [[Amedeo Modigliani]] either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did. A widespread belief was that tuberculosis assisted artistic talent. Physical mechanisms proposed for this effect included the slight fever and toxaemia that it caused, allegedly helping them to see life more clearly and to act decisively.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lemlein RF |s2cid=191371443 |title=Influence of Tuberculosis on the Work of Visual Artists: Several Prominent Examples |journal=Leonardo |date=1981 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=114–11 |jstor=1574402 |doi=10.2307/1574402 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | vauthors = Wilsey AM | title = 'Half in Love with Easeful Death:' Tuberculosis in Literature | date = May 2012 | work = Humanities Capstone Projects | degree = PhD Thesis | publisher = Pacific University | ref = Paper 11 | url = http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cashu | access-date = 28 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011220904/http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=cashu | archive-date = 11 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Morens2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morens DM | title = At the deathbed of consumptive art | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 1353–8 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12463180 | pmc = 2738548 | doi = 10.3201/eid0811.020549 }}</ref>

Tuberculosis formed an often-reused theme in [[literature]], as in [[Thomas Mann]]'s ''[[The Magic Mountain]]'', set in a [[sanatorium]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsl.mcmaster.libguides.com/c.php?g=306775&p=2045587 |title=Pulmonary Tuberculosis/In Literature and Art| publisher=McMaster University History of Diseases |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> in [[music]], as in [[Van Morrison]]'s song "[[T.B. Sheets]]";<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Thomson G |title=Van Morrison – 10 of the best|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/01/van-morrison-10-of-the-best|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 June 2016|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814152313/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/01/van-morrison-10-of-the-best|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[opera]], as in [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]'s ''[[La bohème]]'' and [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s ''[[La Traviata]]'';<ref name="Morens2002" /> in [[art]], as in [[Edvard Munch|Munch]]'s painting of his ill sister;<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuberculosis Throughout History: The Arts|url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/art_poster.pdf|publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID)|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630123411/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/art_poster.pdf}}</ref> and in [[film]], such as the 1945 ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]'' starring [[Ingrid Bergman]] as a nun with tuberculosis.<ref>{{Cite magazine | vauthors = Corliss R |title=Top 10 Worst Christmas Movies |magazine=Time |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/20/top-10-worst-christmas-movies/ |date=22 December 2008 |quote='If you don't cry when Bing Crosby tells Ingrid Bergman she has tuberculosis', Joseph McBride wrote in 1973, 'I never want to meet you, and that's that.' |access-date=28 September 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922042323/https://entertainment.time.com/2011/12/20/top-10-worst-christmas-movies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>