Editing Russia (section)

== Culture ==
{{Main|Russian culture}}
[[File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolshoi Theatre]] in Moscow, at night]]
[[Russian literature|Russian writers]] and [[Russian philosophy|philosophers]] have played an important role in the development of [[Western literature|European literature]]{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref name="McLean-1962">{{cite journal |last=McLean |first=Hugh |title=The Development of Modern Russian Literature |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=21 |number=3 |pages=389–410 |date=September 1962 |doi=10.2307/3000442 |jstor=3000442  |publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=163341589}}</ref> and thought.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frank |first=S. |title=Contemporary Russian Philosophy |date=January 1927 |pages=1–23 |journal=[[The Monist]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=37 |number=1 |doi=10.5840/monist192737121 |jstor=27901095|s2cid=146985312 }}</ref> The Russians have also influenced [[classical music]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swan |first=Alfred J. |title=The Present State of Russian Music |jstor=738554 |publisher=Oxford University Press |journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]]  |volume=13 |number=1 |pages=29–38 |date=January 1927|doi=10.1093/mq/XIII.1.29 }}</ref> [[Russian ballet|ballet]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=230–232|loc=Ballet}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lifar |first=Sergei |title=The Russian Ballet in Russia and in the West |date=October 1969 |jstor=127159 |doi=10.2307/127159 |pages=396–402 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |volume=28 |number=4}}</ref> theatre,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Senelick |given=Laurence |authorlink=Laurence Senelick |title=Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre |edition=2nd |year=2015 |orig-year=2007 |place=Lanham, Md |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url={{Google books|id=mx5lCgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-1-4422-4926-4}}</ref> [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematics]],<ref name="math"/> [[Sport in Russia|sport]],<ref name="Riordan-1993">{{cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Jim |title=Rewriting Soviet Sports History |year=1993 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |jstor=43609911 |volume=20 |number=4 |journal=Journal of Sport History |pages=247–258}}</ref> [[List of Russian artists|painting]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Snow |first=Francis Haffkine |title=Ten Centuries of Russian Art |doi-access=free |doi=10.2307/25587683 |jstor=25587683 |volume=1 |number=2 |pages=130–135 |date=November 1916 |journal=The Art World}}</ref> and [[Cinema of Russia|cinema]].<ref name="Bulgakova-2012">{{cite web |last=Bulgakova |first=Oksana |url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=russian_culture |title=The Russian Cinematic Culture |year=2012 |pages=1–37 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=University of Nevada, Las Vegas}}</ref> The nation has also made pioneering [[Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|contributions to science and technology]] and [[space exploration]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hachten |first=Elizabeth A. |title=In Service to Science and Society: Scientists and the Public in Late-Nineteenth-Century Russia |jstor=3655271 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |journal=[[Osiris]] |year=2002 |volume=17 |pages=171–209|doi=10.1086/649363 |s2cid=144835649}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ipatieff |first=V.N. |title=Modern Science in Russia |jstor=125254 |doi=10.2307/125254 |year=1943 |pages=68–80 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=2 |number=2}}</ref>

Russia is home to [[List of World Heritage Sites in Russia|32 UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], 21 of which are cultural, while 31 more sites lie on the tentative list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru |title=Russian Federation |work=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> The large global [[Russian diaspora]] has also played a major role in spreading Russian culture throughout the world. Russia's national symbol, the [[double-headed eagle]], dates back to the Tsardom period, and is featured in [[Coat of arms of Russia|its coat of arms]] and [[Russian heraldry|heraldry]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} The [[Russian Bear]] and [[Personification of Russia|Mother Russia]] are often used as [[national personification]]s of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Platoff |first=Anne M. |title=The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia |journal=Raven: A Journal of Vexillology |volume=19 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5xz8x2zc/qt5xz8x2zc.pdf?t=n02jtk |pages=99–126 |doi=10.5840/raven2012197 |year=2012 |issn=1071-0043 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Riabov |first=Oleg |title=The Symbol of the Motherland in the Legitimation and Delegitimation of Power in Contemporary Russia |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |issn=0090-5992 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/nps.2019.14 |pages=752–767 |volume=48 |number=4|s2cid=214578255 }}</ref> [[Matryoshka dolls]] are considered a cultural icon of Russia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture |page=19 |first=Hubbs |last=Joanna |year=1993 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20842-2}}</ref>

=== Holidays ===
{{main|Public holidays in Russia}}
Russia has eight—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/other/holidays/ |title=Public Holidays in Russia |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> The year starts with New Year's Day on 1 January, soon followed by [[Christmas in Russia|Russian Orthodox Christmas]] on 7 January; the two are the country's most popular holidays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lagunina |first1=Irina |last2=O'Connor |first2=Coilin |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-christmas-new-near-traditions-food-customs/31010307.html |title=Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> [[Defender of the Fatherland Day]], dedicated to men, is celebrated on 23 February.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2011 |script-title=ru:День защитника Отечества. История праздника |trans-title=Defender of the Fatherland Day. history of the holiday |url=https://ria.ru/20110223/336868820.html |access-date=19 December 2021 |script-website=ru:РИА Новости|agency=[[RIA Novosti]] |language=ru|newspaper=Риа Новости }}</ref> [[International Women's Day]] on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that the flower vendors of Moscow often see profits "fiften times" more compared to other holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190307-russians-splurge-flowers-international-womens-day |title=Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=7 March 2019| access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> [[May Day#Russia|Spring and Labour Day]], originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/01/in-pictures-may-day-through-history |title=In pictures: May Day through history |work=[[Euronews]] |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Алые паруса.jpg|thumb|The [[Scarlet Sails (tradition)|Scarlet Sails]] being celebrated along the [[Neva]] in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Victory Day (Russia)|Victory Day]], which honours Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the [[End of World War II in Europe]], is celebrated on 9 May as an annual [[Moscow Victory Day Parade|large parade]] in Moscow's Red Square<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ilyushina |first1=Maria |last2=Hodge |first2=Nathan |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/europe/victory-day-moscow-parade-coronavirus-2020-intl/index.html |title=Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2020 |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> and marks the famous [[Immortal Regiment]] civil event.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prokopyeva |first=Svetlana |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-immortal-regiment-grassroots-to-quasi-religious-cult/28482905.html |title=Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult' |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=12 May 2017 |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> Other patriotic holidays include [[Russia Day]] on 12 June, celebrated to commemorate Russia's [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|declaration of sovereignty]] from the collapsing Soviet Union,<ref>{{cite web |last=Yegorov |first=Oleg |url=https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/330502-russia-day-holiday |title=What do Russians celebrate on June 12? |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref> and [[Unity Day (Russia)|Unity Day]] on 4 November, commemorating the [[Battle of Moscow (1612)|1612 uprising]] which marked the end of the [[Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)|Polish occupation of Moscow]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tass.com/society/1357591 |title=Russia celebrates National Unity Day |agency=[[TASS]] |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

There are many popular non-public holidays. [[Old New Year]] is celebrated on 14 January.<ref>{{cite web |last=Guzeva |first=Alexandra |url=https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/333267-old-new-year-russia |title=Why Russians celebrate New Year TWICE |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref> [[Maslenitsa]] is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday.<ref>{{cite web |last=Godoy |first=Maria |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/03/14/174097702/its-russian-mardi-gras-bring-on-the-pancakes-and-butter |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=10 January 2022 |title=It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights |publisher=[[NPR]] }}</ref> [[Cosmonautics Day]] on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dambach |first=Kai |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-marks-cosmonautics-day-in-pictures/g-57175251 |title=Russia marks Cosmonautics Day – in pictures |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=10 January 2022 }}</ref> Two major Christian holidays are Easter and [[Trinity Sunday]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Leonov |first=Tatyana |title=Celebrate: Russian Orthodox Easter |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/04/04/celebrate-russian-orthodox-easter |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2022 }}</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Russian artists|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}}
Early Russian painting is [[Russian icons|represented in icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s. In the early 15th century, the master icon painter [[Andrei Rublev]] created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The [[Russian Academy of Arts]], which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} In the 18th century, academicians [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] became influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grover |first=Stuart R. |title=The World of Art Movement in Russia |jstor=128091 |doi=10.2307/128091 |pages=28–42 |volume=32 |number=1 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=Wiley |date=January 1973}}</ref> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]], both of whom were known for [[Romanticism|Romantic]] historical canvases.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2018 |volume=77 |number=1 |jstor=26565352 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |last=Dianina |first=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero |pages=122–150|doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13 |s2cid=165942177 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leek|first=Peter|year=2012|title=Russian Painting|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-780-42975-5|page=178}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg
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| image2            = Winter Palace Panorama 3.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Winter Palace]] served as the [[official residence]] of the [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]].}}
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In the 1860s, a group of critical [[Realism (arts)|realists]] ([[Peredvizhniki]]), led by [[Ivan Kramskoy]], [[Ilya Repin]] and [[Vasiliy Perov]] broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valkenier |first=Elizabeth Kridl |title=The Peredvizhniki and the Spirit of the 1860s |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1975 |volume=34 |number=3 |pages=247–265 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/127973 |jstor=127973}}</ref><ref>Brunson, M. (2016). ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv177td37 Russian Realisms: Literature and Painting, 1840–1890]''. NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press.</ref> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]], represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986|s2cid=191516851 }}</ref> The [[Russian avant-garde]] flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; globally influential artists from this era were [[El Lissitzky]],<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=CAA |pages=437–439 |doi=10.2307/3049132 |jstor=3049132 |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |date=September 1973 |volume=55 |number=3 |last=Birnholz |first=Alan C. |title=Notes on the Chronology of El Lissitzky's Proun Compositions}}</ref> [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salmond |first=Wendy |title=The Russian Avant-Garde of the 1890s: The Abramtsevo Circle |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=60/61 |year=2002 |pages=7–13 |publisher=The [[Walters Art Museum]] |jstor=20168612}}</ref>

The history of [[Russian architecture]] begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the [[architecture of Kievan Rus'|church architecture of Kievan Rus']].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conant |first=Kenneth John |title=Novgorod, Constantinople, and Kiev in Old Russian Church Architecture |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |doi=10.2307/3020237 |jstor=3020237 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=3 |number=2 |date=August 1944 |pages=75–92}}</ref> Following the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']], for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by [[Byzantine architecture#Legacy|Byzantine architecture]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Voyce |first=Arthur |year=1957 |title=National Elements in Russian Architecture |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=6–16 |doi=10.2307/987741 |issn=0037-9808 |jstor=987741}}</ref> Following Mongol occupation, Kievan Rus' cut its ties with the Byzantine Empire, and Russian architecture saw native innovations, such as the invention of the [[iconostasis]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} [[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends to the [[Grand Principality of Moscow]], which influenced the reconstruction of the [[Moscow Kremlin]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jarzombek |first1=Mark M. |last2=Prakash |first2=Vikramaditya |last3=Ching |first3=Frank |title=A Global History of Architecture |edition=2nd |date=2010 |page=544 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40257-3}}</ref> The 16th century saw the development of the unique [[tent-like church]]es and the [[onion dome]] design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lidov |first=Alexei |title=The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes |url=https://www.academia.edu/2694753 |journal=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2005 |pages=171–180}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1680s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Lindsey A. J. |title=Western European Graphic Material as a Source for Moscow Baroque Architecture |volume=55 |number=4 |date=October 1977 |pages=433–443 |jstor=4207533 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref>

After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The 18th-century taste for [[Rococo]] architecture led to the [[Elizabethan Baroque|works]] of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century, [[Vasily Bazhenov]], [[Matvey Kazakov]], and [[Ivan Starov]], created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great |last=Munro |first=George |publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8386-4146-0 |location=Cranbury, NJ |page=233}}</ref> Under Alexander I, [[Empire style]] became the ''de facto'' architectural style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ivask |first=George |title=The "Empire" Period |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1954 |volume=13 |number=3 |pages=167–175 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/125968 |jstor=125968}}</ref> The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] style.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wortman |first1=Richard S. |last2=Marker |first2=Gary |title=Visual Texts, Ceremonial Texts, Texts of Exploration: Collected Articles on the Representation of Russian Monarchy |date=2014 |section= The "Russian Style" in Church Architecture as Imperial Symbol after 1881 |isbn=978-1-618-11347-4 |publisher=[[Academic Studies Press]] |jstor=j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt21h4wkb.15 |doi-access=free |pages=208–237}}</ref> In the early 20th century, [[Russian neoclassical revival]] became a trend.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William C. |title=Anti-Modernism and the Neoclassical Revival in Russian Architecture, 1906–1916 |publisher=University of California Press |journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]] |pages=371–386 |volume=48 |number=4 |date=December 1989 |doi=10.2307/990455 |jstor=990455}}</ref> Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were [[Art Nouveau architecture in Russia|Art Nouveau]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brumfield |first=William |title=The Decorative Arts in Russian Architecture: 1900-1907 |jstor=1503933 |doi=10.2307/1503933 |volume=5 |pages=12–27 |journal=The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |publisher=Florida International University Board of Trustees |year=1987}}</ref> [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fer |first=Briony |title=Metaphor and Modernity: Russian Constructivism |jstor=1360263 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=14–30 |volume=12 |number=1 |year=1989 |journal=Oxford Art Journal|doi=10.1093/oxartj/12.1.14 }}</ref> and [[Stalinist architecture|Socialist Classicism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |title=To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture's Journey from Classicism to Standardization |last=Zubovich-Eady |first=Katherine |year=2013 |publisher=University of California |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120150146/https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Russia}}
[[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893), in a 1893 painting by [[Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter)|Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov]]]]
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], who were later succeeded by the [[Belyayev circle]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Ellon D. |year=2002 |title=Review of A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar |jstor=900748 |journal=[[Notes (journal)|Notes]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=74–77 |doi=10.1353/not.2002.0113 |s2cid=191601515 |issn=0027-4380}}</ref> and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garden |first=Edward |title=Classic and Romantic in Russian Music |jstor=732909 |volume=50 |number=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=153–157 |date=January 1969 |journal=[[Music & Letters]]|doi=10.1093/ml/L.1.153 }}</ref> The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]. World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Alexander Glazunov]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]] and [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], and later [[Edison Denisov]], [[Sofia Gubaidulina]],<ref name="music2"/> [[Georgy Sviridov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gillies |first=Richard Louis |title=Otchalivshaia Rus': Georgii Sviridov and the Soviet Betrayal of Rus' |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=97 |number=2 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |pages=227–265 |date=April 2019 |doi=10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.97.2.0227|s2cid=151076719 }}</ref> and [[Alfred Schnittke]].<ref name="music2"/>

During the Soviet era, [[popular music]] also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two [[Bard (Soviet Union)|balladeers]]—[[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]],<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music |title=Russia – Music |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> and performers such as [[Alla Pugacheva]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse |title=A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alison |last=Smale |date=28 February 2000 |access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Jazz]], even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<ref name="music2"/> By the 1980s, [[Rock music in Russia|rock music]] became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Aquarium (band)|Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia |title=Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia' |publisher=BBC |first=Sally |last=McGrane |date=21 October 2014 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> [[DDT (band)|DDT]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Pellegrinelli |first=Lara |url=https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground |title=DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=6 February 2008 |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> and [[Kino (band)|Kino]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html |title='Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R. |publisher=Radio Liberty |first=Coilin |last=O'Connor |date=23 March 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> the latter's leader [[Viktor Tsoi]], was in particular, a gigantic figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html |title=Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi |publisher=Radio Liberty |date=12 August 2015 |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> [[Russian pop|Pop music]] has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as [[t.A.T.u.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html |title=Tatu bad to be true |work=[[The Age]] |date=14 June 2003 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Literature and philosophy ===
{{Main|Russian literature|Russian philosophy}}
[[Russian literature]] is among the world's most influential and developed.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref name="McLean-1962"/> It can be traced to the [[Middle Ages]], when epics and chronicles in [[Old East Slavic]] were composed.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Zenkovsky |given=Serge A. |authorlink=Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky |year=1963 |title=Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles and Tales |place=New York |publisher=}}</ref> By the [[Age of Enlightenment]], literature had grown in importance, with works from [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[Denis Fonvizin]], [[Gavrila Derzhavin]], and [[Nikolay Karamzin]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} From the early 1830s, during the [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]], literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prose |first1=Francine |last2=Moser |first2=Benjamin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |title=What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=19 July 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[Romantic literature]] permitted a flowering of poetic talent: [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] and later his protégé [[Alexander Pushkin]] came to the fore.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emerson |first=Caryl |jstor=20057504 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=29 |number=4 |year=1998 |pages=653–672 |journal= [[New Literary History]] |title=Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places |doi=10.1353/nlh.1998.0040 |s2cid=144165201}}</ref> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including [[Mikhail Lermontov]], [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy]], [[Fyodor Tyutchev]] and [[Afanasy Fet]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

The first great Russian novelist was [[Nikolai Gogol]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strakhovsky |first=Leonid I. |title=The Historianism of Gogol |jstor=2491790 |doi=10.2307/2491790 |volume=12 |number=3 |date=October 1953 |pages=360–370 |journal=The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review) |publisher=[[Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies]]}}</ref> Then, during the Age of [[Literary realism|Realism]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} came [[Ivan Turgenev]], who mastered both short stories and novels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry Chamberlin |first=William |title=Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic |jstor=125154 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/125154 |volume=5 |number=2 |pages=10–23 |journal=[[The Russian Review]]|year=1946 }}</ref> [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]] soon became internationally renowned.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]] wrote prose [[satire]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Neuhäuser |first=Rudolf |title=The Early Prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevskii: Parallels and Echoes |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40867755 |volume=22 |number=3 |year=1980 |pages=372–387 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1980.11091635}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Leskov]] is best remembered for his shorter fiction.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muckle |first=James |title=Nikolay Leskov: educational journalist and imaginative writer |publisher=Australia and New Zealand Slavists' Association |year=1984 |pages=81–110 |journal=New Zealand Slavonic Journal |jstor=40921231}}</ref> In the second half of the century [[Anton Chekhov]] excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |title=A Chekhov lexicon |last=Boyd |first=William |date=3 July 2004 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist [[Ivan Krylov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Gordon |last2=Chandler |first2=Robert |title=Eight Tales from Ivan Krylov |journal=[[Translation and Literature]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=40340118 |volume=18 |number=1 |year=2009 |pages=64–85 |doi=10.3366/E096813610800037X}}</ref> non-fiction writers such as the critic [[Vissarion Belinsky]],{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gifford |first=Henry |title=Belinsky: One Aspect |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4204011 |volume=27 |number=68 |year=1948 |pages=250–258}}</ref> and playwrights such as [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]] and [[Aleksandr Ostrovsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brintlinger |first=Angela |title=The Persian Frontier: Griboedov as Orientalist and Literary Hero |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40870888 |volume=45 |number=3/4 |year=2003 |pages=371–393 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2003.11092333 |s2cid=191370504}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beasly |first=Ina |title=The Dramatic Art of Ostrovsky. (Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, 1823–86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4202212 |volume=6 |number=18 |year=1928 |pages=603–617}}</ref> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the [[Silver Age of Russian Poetry]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} This era had poets such as [[Alexander Blok]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[Boris Pasternak]], and [[Konstantin Balmont]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Markov |first=Vladimir |title=Balmont: A Reappraisal |jstor=2493225 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=28 |number=2 |year=1969 |pages=221–264 |doi=10.2307/2493225|s2cid=163456732 }}</ref> It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as [[Aleksandr Kuprin]], Nobel Prize winner [[Ivan Bunin]], [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]] and [[Andrei Bely]].{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
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| image1            = Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910) is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time, with works such as ''[[War and Peace]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thirlwell |first=Adam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/08/classics.leonikolaevichtolstoy |title=A masterpiece in miniature |work=The Guardian |date=8 October 2005 |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>}}
| image2            = Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1821–1881), one of the great novelists of all time, whose masterpieces include ''[[Crime and Punishment]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dahlkvist |first=Tobias |date=October 2015 |title=The Epileptic Genius: The Use of Dostoevsky as Example in the Medical Debate over the Pathology of Genius |jstor=43948762 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |volume=76|number=4 |pages=587–608 |doi=10.1353/jhi.2015.0028 |pmid=26522713 |s2cid=37817118 |issn=0022-5037}}</ref>}}
}}

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and [[white émigré]] parts. In the 1930s, [[Socialist realism]] became the predominant trend in Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Its leading figure was [[Maxim Gorky]], who laid the foundations of this style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tikhonov |first=Nikolay |author-link=Nikolai Tikhonov (writer)|title=Gorky and Soviet Literature |date=November 1946 |pages=28–38 |volume=25 |number=64 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |jstor=4203794 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4212557 |last=Lovell |first=Stephen |title=Bulgakov as Soviet Culture |volume=76 |number=1 |pages=28–48 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |year=1998 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> [[Nikolay Ostrovsky]]'s novel [[How the Steel Was Tempered]] has been among the most successful works of Russian literature.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Influential émigré writers include [[Vladimir Nabokov]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosshans |first=Henry |title=Vladimir Nabokov and the Dream of Old Russia |jstor=40753878 |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=401–409 |year=1966 |journal=[[Texas Studies in Literature and Language]] |volume=7 |number=4}}</ref> and [[Isaac Asimov]], who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Freedman |first=Carl |title=Critical Theory and Science Fiction |author-link=Carl Freedman (writer) |date=2000 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-0-819-56399-6}}</ref> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rowley |first=David G. |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |jstor=260964 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |pages=321–337 |volume=32 |number=3 |date=July 1997|doi=10.1177/002200949703200303 |s2cid=161761611}}</ref>

During the post-Soviet 1990s writers are already not recognised as very special guides by most Russians.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} At the beginning of the 21st century, the most discussed figures, [[Russian postmodernism|postmodernists]] [[Victor Pelevin]] and [[Vladimir Sorokin]] remained the leading Russian writers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aslanyan |first=Anna |title=Revolutions and resurrections: How has Russia's literature changed? |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/revolutions-and-resurrections-how-has-russias-literature-changed-2264690.html |date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>

[[Russian philosophy]] has been influential. Religious and spiritual philosophy is represented by works of [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]], [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Pavel Florensky]], [[Semyon Frank]], [[Nikolay Lossky]], [[Vasily Rozanov]], and others.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Lossky |given=N. O. |authorlink=Nikolai Lossky |title=History of Russian Philosophy |year=1952 |orig-year=1951 |place=London |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90432/page/n5/mode/1up}}</ref> [[Helena Blavatsky]] gained international following as the leading theoretician of [[Theosophy]], and co-founded the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition |jstor=1465212 |pages=747–767 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=62 |number=3 |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=1994|doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747}}</ref>

[[Alexander Herzen]] is known as one of the fathers of [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[populism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Aileen |title=The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon |jstor=2709278 |doi=10.2307/2709278 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |year=1980 |volume=41 |number=4 |pages=635–662}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakunin]] is referred to as the father of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezneck |first=Samuel |title=The Political and Social Theory of Michael Bakunin |jstor=1945179 |doi=10.2307/1945179 |pages=270–296 |volume=21 |number=2 |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]] |year=1927 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]]|s2cid=147141998 }}</ref> [[Peter Kropotkin]] was the most important theorist of [[anarcho-communism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew S. |title=Rejecting the American Model: Peter Kropotkin's Radical Communalism |jstor=26227268 |pages=147–173 |volume=35 |number=1 |journal=[[History of Political Thought]] |publisher=Imprint Academic |year=2014}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s writings have significantly inspired scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Charles I. |title=Mikhail Bakhtin as Rhetorical Theorist |jstor=377158 |doi=10.2307/377158 |volume=47 |number=6 |pages=594–607 |journal=[[College English]] |year=1985 |publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]|s2cid=141332657 }}</ref>  [[Vladimir Lenin]], a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as [[Leninism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brinkley |first=George |year=1998 |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Neil |editor2-last=Pipes |editor2-first=Richard |title=Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1408333 |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=151–164 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500043965 |jstor=1408333 |s2cid=144930608 |issn=0034-6705}}</ref> [[Leon Trotsky]], on the other hand, founded [[Trotskyism]].<ref>{{citation |title=The myth of Trotskyism |year=1973 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/leon-trotsky-and-the-politics-of-economic-isolation/myth-of-trotskyism/95EE597BFA047615C393337F30CF63AF |work=Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation |pages=3–16 |editor-last=Day |editor-first=Richard B. |series=Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511524028.002 |isbn=978-0-521-52436-0 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> [[Alexander Zinoviev]] was a prominent philosopher and writer in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brom |first=Libor |title=Dialectical Identity and Destiny: A General Introduction to Alexander Zinoviev's Theory of the Soviet Man |jstor=1347433 |doi=10.2307/1347433 |volume=42 |number=1/2 |year=1988 |pages=15–27 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|s2cid=146768452}}</ref> [[Aleksandr Dugin]], known for his [[fascist]] views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutland|first=Peter|date=December 2016|title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy|journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]]|publisher=Brill Publishers|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=425–436|doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009|jstor=26549593}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Russian cuisine}}
[[File:Mint bread kvas.jpg|thumb|[[Kvass]] is an ancient and traditional Russian beverage.]]
Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation, and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of [[rye]], wheat, [[barley]], and [[millet]] provide the ingredients for various breads, [[pancake]]s and cereals, as well as for many drinks. [[Bread in Europe#Finland and Russia|Bread]], of many varieties,<ref>{{cite web |last=Azhnina |first=Maria |url=https://www.rbth.com/russian_kitchen/2017/07/13/7-kinds-of-russian-bread-youll-want-to-bite-the-crust-off-of_801997 |title=7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> is very popular across Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thatcher |first=Gary |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0916/obread.html |title=When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=16 September 1985 |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref> Flavourful soups and stews include [[shchi]], [[borsch]], [[ukha]], [[solyanka]], and [[okroshka]]. [[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]] (a heavy [[sour cream]]) and [[mayonnaise]] are often added to soups and salads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/15/spotlight-on-smetana-russias-sour-cream-a73909 |title=Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=15 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Shearlaw |first=Maeve |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/-sp-understanding-russias-obsession-with-mayonnaise |title=Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> [[Pirozhki]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |author-link=Darra Goldstein |title=A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality |date=1999 |edition=2nd |page=54 |publisher=Russian Information Service |isbn=978-1-880-10042-4}}</ref> [[blini]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Michele |title=In the Kitchen: The New Bible of Home Cooking |date= 2018 |isbn=978-1-743-58555-9 |publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing |page=66}}</ref> and [[syrniki]] are native types of [[pancake]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sacharow |first=Alla |title=Classic Russian Cuisine: A Magnificent Selection of More Than 400 Traditional Recipes |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1993 |page=281 |isbn=978-1-628-72079-2}}</ref> [[Beef Stroganoff]],<ref name="Volokh-1983">{{cite book |last1=Volokh |first1=Anne |last2=Manus |first2=Mavis |title=The Art of Russian Cuisine |date=1983 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-026-22090-3}}</ref>{{rp|266}} [[Chicken Kiev]],<ref name="Volokh-1983"/>{{rp|320}} [[pelmeni]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Grigson |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Grigson |title=Jane Grigson's Vegetable Book |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |page=144 |isbn=978-0-803-25994-2}}</ref> and [[shashlyk]] are popular meat dishes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Naylor |first=Tony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/22/from-sizzling-shashlik-to-spicy-seekh-kebabs-barbecue-recipes-from-around-the-world |title=From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 July 2020 |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls ([[golubtsy]]) usually filled with meat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eremeeva |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/06/north-meets-south-in-mini-golubtsy-a72851 |title=North Meets South in Mini Golubtsy |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Salads include [[Olivier salad]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Cloake |first=Felicity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/aug/05/how-to-make-the-perfect-russian-salad-felicity-cloake |title=How to make the perfect Russian salad |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> [[vinegret]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/326159-russian-vinegret-salad-super-easy |title=Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=5 January 2022 }}</ref> and [[dressed herring]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-snack-herring-under-a-fur-coat/av-55811920|title=Global Snack: Herring under a fur coat |work=[[DW News]] |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 April 2020 |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>

Russia's [[List of national drinks|national non-alcoholic drink]] is [[kvass]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/04/kvas-russias-national-tipple-a70784 |title=Kvas: Russia's National Tipple |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Jennifer |last=Eremeeva |date=4 July 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> and the national alcoholic drink is [[vodka]]; its production in Russia (and elsewhere) dates back to the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-drink-vodka-like-a-russian |title=How To Drink Vodka Like a Russian |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |first=Dan |last=Nosowitz |date=7 April 2016 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/179708/map-where-the-worlds-biggest-vodka-drinkers-are/ |title=Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |first=Roberto A. |last=Ferdman |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> while [[Beer in Russia|beer]] is the most popular alcoholic beverage.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf |script-title=ru:Обзор российского рынка алкогольной продукции. IV квартал 2020 |title=Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. IV kvartal 2020 |publisher=Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation |page=11 |lang=ru |date=February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422110728/http://www.ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/alcogol/al%D1%81o.2020.4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Russian wine|Wine]] has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Russia%20Wine%20Market%20Overview_Moscow%20ATO_Russian%20Federation_04-21-2021 |title=Russia Wine Market Overview |work=[[Foreign Agricultural Service]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=7 January 2022 }}</ref> [[Russian tea culture|Tea has been popular in Russia]] for centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-samovars-make-tea-time-distinctive-tradition/1720329 |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]] |title=Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021 }}</ref>

=== Mass media and cinema ===
{{Main|Media of Russia|Cinema of Russia}}
[[File:2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ostankino Tower]] in Moscow, the [[List of tallest freestanding structures|tallest freestanding structure]] in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/08/08/the-high-life-how-to-get-to-ostankino-tower-and-what-to-do-there_818720 |title=The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |last=Sinelschikova |first=Yekaterina |date=8 August 2017 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>]]
There are 400 news agencies in Russia, among which the largest internationally operating are [[TASS]], [[RIA Novosti]], [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]], and [[Interfax]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |title=Russia – Media Landscape |work=[[European Journalism Centre]] |first=Natalya |last=Krasnoboka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320003807/http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> [[Television in Russia|Television]] is the most popular medium in Russia.<ref name="bbcmedia">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840134 |title=Russia profile – Media |publisher=BBC |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include [[Radio Rossii]], [[Vesti FM]], [[Echo of Moscow]], [[Radio Mayak]], and [[Russkoye Radio]]. Of the 16,000 registered newspapers, {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Argumenty i Fakty]]}}, [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]], {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]}}, [[Izvestia]], and [[Moskovskij Komsomolets]] are popular. State-run [[Channel One Russia|Channel One]] and [[Russia-1]] are the leading news channels, while [[RT (TV network)|RT]] is the flagship of Russia's international media operations.<ref name="bbcmedia"/> Russia has the [[Video games in Russia|largest video gaming market]] in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newzoo.com/insights/infographics/russia-games-market-2018/ |title=Russia Games Market 2018 |work=Newzoo |date=11 July 2018 |access-date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923234044/https://newzoo.com/insights/infographics/russia-games-market-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Russian and later [[Soviet cinema]] was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'', which was named the [[List of films considered the best|greatest film of all time]] at the [[Expo 58|Brussels World's Fair]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Jamie |jstor=20451166 |title=Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]] |volume=58 |number=1 |year=2006 |pages=103–124 |doi=10.1080/09668130500401715 |s2cid=153570960}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hodgson |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41 |title=Eisenstein, Sergei – Battleship Potemkin – 1925 Russia |publisher=[[Middlesex University]] |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably [[Sergei Eisenstein]] and [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle |title=Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |first=Mike |last=Brown |date=22 January 2018 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky |title=Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky |work=[[British Film Institute]] |quote=He made only seven features, but Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky is widely regarded as one of cinema's true masters. |first=Carmen |last=Gray |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref> Eisenstein was a student of [[Lev Kuleshov]], who developed the groundbreaking [[Soviet montage theory]] of film editing at the world's first film school, the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|All-Union Institute of Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography |title=All-Union State Institute of Cinematography |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> [[Dziga Vertov]]'s "[[Kino-Eye]]" theory had a large effect on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera |title=Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera |work=[[Yale University]] |first=Kendall |last=Teare |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including ''[[Chapaev (film)|Chapaev]]'', ''[[The Cranes Are Flying]]'', and ''[[Ballad of a Soldier]]''.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/>

The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/> The comedies of [[Eldar Ryazanov]] and [[Leonid Gaidai]] of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html |title=Eldar Ryazanov And His Films |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prokhorova |first1=Elena |last2=Beumers |first2=Birgit |title=A History of Russian Cinema |date=2008 |section=The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy |isbn=978-1-84520-215-6 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |pages=519–542}}</ref> In 1961–68 [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] directed an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[War and Peace (film series)|film adaptation]] of Leo Tolstoy's epic ''[[War and Peace]]'', which was [[the most expensive film]] made in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Bulgakova-2012"/> In 1969, [[Vladimir Motyl]]'s ''[[White Sun of the Desert]]'' was released, a very popular film in a genre of [[ostern]]; the film is traditionally watched by [[cosmonauts]] before any trip into space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |publisher=[[Film at Lincoln Center]] |title=White Sun of the Desert|access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losses—however, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197 |title=The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry |work=[[The Moscow Times]] |first=Ben |last=Aris |date=18 January 2019|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Russia}}
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Russia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorokhov |first=Vitalii Aleksandrovich |title=Forward Russia! Sports Mega-Events as a Venue for Building National Identity |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |year=2015 |volume=43 |issue=2 |page=278 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |doi=10.1080/00905992.2014.998043|s2cid=140640018 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union national football team]] became the first European champions by winning [[Euro 1960]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615002408/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2020 |title=EURO 1960: all you need to know |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> and reached the finals of [[Euro 1988]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607134732/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2020 |title=Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988 |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Russian clubs [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]] won the [[UEFA Cup]] in 2005 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/ |title=Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final |work=[[UEFA Champions League]] |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/ |title=How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008 |work=[[These Football Times]] |first=Joe |last=Terry |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Russian national football team]] reached the semi-finals of [[Euro 2008]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive |title=Euro 2008: Russia v Spain – as it happened |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Sean |last=Ingle |date=26 June 2008 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Russia was the host nation for the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/ |title=2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017 |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/ |title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224033040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russia-fifa-world-cup-uefa/|title=FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice"|last=Brito|first=Christopher|work=[[CBS News]]|date=28 February 2022|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Maria Sharapova (18405201199).jpg|thumb|[[Maria Sharapova]], former [[List of WTA number 1 ranked tennis players|world No. 1]] tennis player, was the world's highest-paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/03/08/how-maria-sharapova-earned-285-mill-during-her-tennis-career/ |title=How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Kurt |last=Badenhausen |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=15 February 2020}}</ref>]]
[[Ice hockey in Russia|Ice hockey]] is very popular in Russia, and the [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team|Soviet national ice hockey team]] dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence.<ref name="Riordan-1993"/> [[Bandy]] is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html |title=Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |first=Ilya |last=Trisvyatsky |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Russian national basketball team]] won the [[EuroBasket 2007]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007 |title=EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007 |work=[[EuroLeague]] |first=Javier |last=Gancedo |date=16 September 2007 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> and the Russian basketball club [[PBC CSKA Moscow]] is among the most successful European basketball teams.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burks |first1=Tosten |last2=Woo |first2=Jeremy |url=http://grantland.com/features/euroleague-basketball-cska-moscow-andrei-kirilenko-sonny-weems-kyle-hines-demetris-nichols/ |title=Follow the Bouncing Ball |work=[[Grantland]] |date=4 August 2015 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> The annual Formula One [[Russian Grand Prix]] was held at the [[Sochi Autodrom]] in the [[Sochi Olympic Park]], until its termination following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html |title=Russia – Sochi |publisher=[[Formula One]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/60601632|last=Benson|first=Andrew|title=Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix|work=[[BBC]]|date=3 March 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

Historically, [[Russia at the Olympics|Russian athletes]] have been one of the most successful contenders in the [[Olympic Games]].<ref name="Riordan-1993" /> Russia is the leading nation in [[rhythmic gymnastics]], and Russian [[synchronised swimming]] is considered to be the world's best.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/ |title=Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold |work=[[USA Today]] |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> [[Figure skating]] is another popular sport in Russia, especially [[pair skating]] and [[ice dancing]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons |title=Figure skating is on thin ice. Here's how to fix it. |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |first=Rebecca |last=Jennings |date=18 February 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewest.com.au/sport/tennis/rublev-dominates-second-round-open-match-ng-s-2049116 |title=Russian domination at the Australian Open |date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The West Australian]] |last=Caffrey |first=Oliver |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> [[Chess]] is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html |title=Why are the Russians so good at chess? |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=25 September 2009 |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> The [[1980 Summer Olympic Games]] were held in Moscow,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980 |title=Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results |newspaper=Olympics.com |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=24 April 2018 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> and the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]] were hosted in Sochi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014 |title=Sochi 2014 |publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> However, Russia has also had 43 [[Olympic medal]]s stripped from its athletes due to [[Doping in Russia|doping violations]], which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keh |first1=Andrew |last2=Panja |first2=Tariq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/sports/olympics/Wada-Russing-doping.html |title=Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? A Primer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2022|url-access=limited}}</ref>