Editing Renaissance architecture (section)

==Spread in Europe==
{{main|Northern Renaissance}}
The 16th century saw the economic and political ascendancy of [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], then later the rise of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] and [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]. The result was that these places began to import the Renaissance style as indicators of their new cultural position. This also meant that it was not until about 1500 and later that signs of Renaissance architectural style began to appear outside Italy.

Though Italian architects were highly sought after, such as [[Sebastiano Serlio]] in France, [[Aristotile Fioravanti]] in [[Russia]], and [[Francesco Fiorentino]] in Poland, soon, non-Italians were studying Italian architecture and translating it into their own idiom. These included [[Philibert de l'Orme]] (1510–1570) in France, [[Juan Bautista de Toledo]] (died: 1567) in Spain, [[Inigo Jones]] (1573–1652) in England and [[Elias Holl]] (1573–1646) in Germany.<ref name= Jan />

Books or ornament prints with [[engraving|engraved]] illustrations demonstrating plans and ornament were very important in spreading Renaissance styles in Northern Europe, with among the most important authors being [[Androuet du Cerceau]] in France, and [[Hans Vredeman de Vries]] in the Netherlands, and [[Wendel Dietterlin]], author of ''Architectura'' (1593–94) in Germany.

===Baltic region===
[[File:House of Blackheads at Dusk 3, Riga, Latvia - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|The [[House of the Blackheads (Riga)|House of the Blackheads]] in [[Riga]], Latvia]]
{{main|Renaissance in Poland|Architecture of Estonia}}
The Renaissance arrived late in what is today [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]], the so-called [[Baltic States]], and did not make a great imprint architecturally. It was a politically tumultuous time, marked by the decline of the [[State of the Teutonic Order]] and the [[Livonian War]].

In Estonia, artistic influences came from Dutch, Swedish and Polish sources.<ref name=toivo>{{cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |year=2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810865716 |page=105}}</ref> The building of the [[House of the Blackheads (Tallinn)|Brotherhood of the Blackheads in Tallinn]] with a façade designed by [[Arent Passer]], is the only truly Renaissance building in the country that has survived more or less intact.<ref name= "Viirand">{{cite book | last = Viirand| first = Tiiu| title = Estonia. Cultural Tourism | publisher = Kunst Publishers | year = 2004 | page = 23 | isbn = 9949407184 }}</ref> Significantly for these troubled times, the only other examples are purely military buildings, such as the ''[[Fat Margaret#Fat Margaret|Fat Margaret]]'' cannon tower, also in Tallinn.<ref name="grove3">{{cite book |editor-last= Campbell|editor-first= Gordon |title= The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art |year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195334661|volume=1|pages=601–602}}</ref>

Latvian Renaissance architecture was influenced by Polish-Lithuanian and Dutch style, with [[Mannerism]] following from [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] without intermediaries. [[St. John's Church, Riga|St. John's Church]] in the Latvian capital of [[Riga]] is an example of an earlier Gothic church which was reconstructed in 1587–89 by the Dutch architect Gert Freze (Joris Phraeze). The prime example of Renaissance architecture in Latvia is the heavily decorated [[House of the Blackheads (Riga)|House of the Blackheads]], rebuilt from an earlier Medieval structure into its present Mannerist forms as late as 1619–25 by the architects A. and L. Jansen. It was destroyed during World War II and rebuilt during the 1990s.<ref name="grove">{{cite book |editor-last= Campbell|editor-first= Gordon |title= The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art |year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195334661|volume=2|page=441}}</ref>

[[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] meanwhile formed a large dual state with [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]], known as the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Renaissance influences grew stronger during the reign of [[Sigismund I the Old]] and [[Sigismund II Augustus]]. The [[Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania]] (destroyed in 1801, a copy built in 2002–2009) show Italian influences. Several architects of Italian origin were active in the country, including [[Bernardino Zanobi de Gianotis]], [[Giovanni Cini]] and [[Giovanni Maria Mosca]].<ref name="grove2">{{cite book |editor-last= Campbell|editor-first= Gordon |title= The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art |year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780195334661|volume=2|pages=486–487}}</ref>

===Bohemia===
{{main|Czech Renaissance architecture}}
[[File:Prague Praha 2014 Holmstad Belvedere flott.jpg|thumb|right|[[Queen Anne's Summer Palace|Royal Summer Palace]] in [[Prague]] is considered by Czechs the purest Renaissance architecture outside of Italy.<ref name=guide>{{cite book|title=Prague : City Guidebook|date=2000|publisher=Kartografie|location=Prague|isbn=80-7011-597-1|page=40|edition=1st}}</ref>]]
The Renaissance style first appeared in the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Crown of Bohemia]] in the 1490s. Bohemia together with its incorporated lands, especially [[Margraviate of Moravia|Moravia]], thus ranked among the areas of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] with the earliest known examples of the Renaissance architecture.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamlin|first1=Alfred D.|title=History of architecture|date=2010|publisher=Salzwasser-Verlag|location=Bremen|isbn=9783861952503|page=338|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g89phgpRZOEC&pg=PA338|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073634/https://books.google.cz/books?id=g89phgpRZOEC&pg=PA338&dq=|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The lands of the Bohemian Crown were never part of the ancient [[Roman Empire]], thus they missed their own ancient classical heritage and had to be dependent on the primarily Italian models. As well as in other Central European countries the Gothic style kept its position especially in the church architecture. The traditional [[Gothic architecture]] was considered timeless and therefore able to express the sacredness. The Renaissance architecture coexisted with the Gothic style in Bohemia and Moravia until the late 16th century (e. g. the residential part of a palace was built in the modern Renaissance style but its chapel was designed with Gothic elements). The façades of Czech Renaissance buildings were often decorated with [[sgraffito]] (figural or ornamental).

During the reign of [[Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and Bohemian king, the city of Prague became one of the most important European centers of the late Renaissance art (so-called [[Northern Mannerism|Mannerism]]). Nevertheless, not many architecturally significant buildings have been preserved from that time.

===Croatia===
{{main|Renaissance in Croatia|Architecture of Croatia}}
[[File:SibenikFotoThalerTamas5.jpg|thumb|[[Šibenik Cathedral|Cathedral of St James]], [[Šibenik]]]]
In the 15th century, [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]] was divided into three states: the northern and central part of Croatia and [[Slavonia]] were in union with the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], while [[Venetian Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], with the exception of the independent [[Republic of Ragusa]], was under the rule of the [[Venetian Republic]]. The [[Šibenik Cathedral|Cathedral of St James]] in [[Šibenik]], was begun in 1441 in the Gothic style by [[Giorgio da Sebenico]] ''(Juraj Dalmatinac)''. Its unusual construction does not use mortar, the stone blocks, [[pilaster]]s and [[ribs]] being bonded with [[joints]] and [[Groove (engineering)|slots]] in the way that was usual in wooden constructions. In 1477 the work was unfinished, and continued under [[Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino]], who respected the mode of construction and the plan of the former architect, but continued the work which includes the upper windows, the vaults and the dome, in the Renaissance style. The combination of a high barrel vault with lower half-barrel vaults over the aisles the gives the façade its distinctive [[trefoil]] shape, the first of this type in the region.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013344/http://www.sibenik.hr/vodic-eng/sibenik/kulturno_povijesna_bastina2.asp |archive-date=6 May 2009 |url=http://www.sibenik.hr/vodic-eng/sibenik/kulturno_povijesna_bastina2.asp |title=St James's Cathedral}}</ref> The cathedral was listed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 2001.

===England===
[[File:Hardwick Hall 3 (7027835143).jpg|thumb|Elizabethan [[prodigy house]], [[Hardwick Hall]] (1590–1597).]]
{{main|Elizabethan architecture|Prodigy house}}
After some first efforts by kings and courtiers, most now vanished, like Henry VII's [[Richmond Palace]] ({{Circa|1501}}), Henry VIII's [[Nonsuch Palace]], and the first [[Somerset House]] in London, a local style of Renaissance architecture emerged in England during the reign of [[Elizabeth I]], much influenced by the [[Low countries]] where among other features it acquired versions of the [[Crow-stepped gable|Dutch gable]], and [[Flemish people|Flemish]] [[strapwork]] in geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style tended to manifest itself in large square tall [[prodigy house]]s such as [[Longleat House]].

The first great exponent of classicizing Italian Renaissance architecture in England was [[Inigo Jones]] (1573–1652), who had studied architecture in Italy where the influence of Palladio was very strong. Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the [[Queen's House]] at [[Greenwich]] in 1616 and the [[Banqueting House, Whitehall]] three years later. These works, with their clean lines, and symmetry were revolutionary in a country still enamoured with mullion windows, crenellations and turrets.<ref name=BF /><ref>John Summerson, ''Architecture in Britain 1530–1830'', 1977 ed., Pelican, {{ISBN|0-14-056003-3}}</ref>

===France===
{{main|French Renaissance architecture}}
[[File:Chambord Castle Northwest facade.jpg|thumb|left|French Renaissance: [[Château de Chambord]] (1519–39)]]
During the early years of the 16th century the French were involved in [[Italian Wars|wars in northern Italy]], bringing back to France not just the Renaissance art treasures as their war [[Looting|booty]], but also stylistic ideas. In the [[Loire Valley]] a wave of building was carried and many Renaissance châteaux appeared at this time, the earliest example being the [[Château d'Amboise]] ({{circa|1495}}) in which [[Leonardo da Vinci]] spent his last years. The style became dominant under [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] (See [[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]).<ref name=BF /><ref name= W&M />

===Germany===
{{main|German Renaissance}}
The Renaissance in Germany was inspired first by German philosophers and artists such as [[Albrecht Dürer]] and [[Johannes Reuchlin]] who visited Italy. Important early examples of this period are especially the [[Landshut Residence]], [[Heidelberg Castle]], [[Schloss Johannisburg|Johannisburg Palace]] in [[Aschaffenburg]], [[Schloss Weilburg]], the [[Augsburg Town Hall|City Hall]] and [[Fuggerhäuser|Fugger Houses]] in [[Augsburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Munich]]. A particular form of Renaissance architecture in Germany is the [[Weser Renaissance]], with prominent examples such as [[Bremen City Hall]] and the [[University of Helmstedt|Juleum]] in [[Helmstedt]].

[[File:Juleum Helmstedt.jpg|thumb|[[University of Helmstedt|Juleum]] in [[Helmstedt]], Germany (example of [[Weser Renaissance]])]]

In July 1567 the city council of [[Cologne]] approved a design in the Renaissance style by Wilhelm Vernukken for a two storied loggia for [[Cologne City Hall]]. [[Michaelskirche (München)|St Michael]] in [[Munich]] is the largest Renaissance church north of the Alps. It was built by [[William V, Duke of Bavaria]] between 1583 and 1597 as a spiritual center for the [[Counter Reformation]] and was inspired by the [[Church of the Gesù]] in Rome. The architect is unknown.<ref name=BF /><ref name=A.M /><ref name= W&M /> Many examples of [[Brick Renaissance]] buildings can be found in [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] old towns, such as [[Stralsund]], [[Wismar]], [[Lübeck]], [[Lüneburg]], [[Friedrichstadt]] and [[Stade]]. Notable German Renaissance architects include [[Friedrich Sustris]], [[Benedikt Rejt]], [[Abraham van den Blocke]], [[Elias Holl]] and [[Hans Krumpper]].

===Hungary===
{{main|Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe}}
One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. The style appeared following the marriage of King [[Matthias Corvinus]] and [[Beatrice of Naples]] in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and [[masonry|masons]] arrived at [[Buda]] with the new queen. Important remains of the Early Renaissance summer palace of King Matthias can be found in [[Visegrád]]. The [[Battle of Mohács|Ottoman conquest of Hungary]] after 1526 cut short the development of Renaissance architecture in the country and destroyed its most famous examples. Today, the only completely preserved work of Hungarian Renaissance architecture is the Bakócz Chapel (commissioned by the Hungarian cardinal [[Tamás Bakócz]]), now part of the [[Esztergom Basilica]].<ref>[http://www.hung-art.hu/kep/zmisc/faragvan/162_sz/bakocz01.jpg Image of Bakócz Chapel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023123437/http://www.hung-art.hu/kep/zmisc/faragvan/162_sz/bakocz01.jpg |date=23 October 2006 }} (1506–08)</ref>

===Habsburg Netherlands===
{{main|Renaissance in the Low Countries}}
[[File:Antwerpen Stadhuis crop4 2006-05-28.jpg|thumb|[[Antwerp City Hall]] (finished in 1564)]]
As in [[Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting|painting]], Renaissance architecture took some time to reach the [[Habsburg Netherlands]] and did not entirely supplant the Gothic elements. An architect directly influenced by the Italian masters was [[Cornelis Floris de Vriendt]], who designed [[Antwerp City Hall]], finished in 1564. The style is sometimes called the Flemish-Italian Renaissance style and is also known as the Floris style.<ref name=flor>{{Cite web|title=City Mayors: Antwerp City Hall|url=http://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/antwerp_cityhall.html|access-date=2023-02-20|website=www.citymayors.com|archive-date=22 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122013836/http://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/antwerp_cityhall.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In this style the overall structure was similar to that of late-Gothic buildings, but with larger windows and much florid decoration and detailing in the Renaissance styles. This style became widely influential across Northern Europe, for example in [[Elizabethan architecture]], and is part of the wider movement of [[Northern Mannerism]].

===Dutch Republic===
[[File:De Westerkerk - West church and queue to Anne Frank house (21715464122).jpg|thumb|[[Westerkerk]] In Amsterdam]]
In the early 17th century [[Dutch Republic]], [[Hendrick de Keyser]] played an important role in developing the "Amsterdam Renaissance" style, which has local characteristics including the prevalence of tall narrow town-houses, the ''trapgevel'' or [[Crow-stepped gable|Dutch gable]] and the employment of decorative triangular pediments over doors and windows in which the apex rises much more steeply than in most other Renaissance architecture, but in keeping with the profile of the gable. Carved stone details are often of low profile, in [[strapwork]] resembling leatherwork, a stylistic feature originating in the [[School of Fontainebleau]]. This feature was exported to England.<ref name=BF /><ref name= W&M />

===Poland===
{{main|Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance architecture in Central Europe|Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland}}
[[File:Wawel dziedziniec1 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Courtyard of [[Wawel Castle]] exemplifies the first period of Polish Renaissance]]
Polish Renaissance architecture is divided into three periods:
The first period (1500–50) is the so-called "Italian" as most of Renaissance buildings of this time were designed by Italian architects, mainly from [[Florence]], including [[Francesco Fiorentino]] and [[Bartolomeo Berrecci]]. Renowned architects from Southern Europe became sought-after during the reign of [[Sigismund I the Old]] and his Italian-born wife, Queen [[Bona Sforza]]. Notable examples from this period include [[Wawel Castle]] Courtyard and [[Sigismund's Chapel]].

In the second period (1550–1600), Renaissance architecture became more common, with the beginnings of [[Mannerist]] and under the influence of the Netherlands, particularly in northern Poland and [[Pomerania]], but also in parts of [[Lesser Poland]]. Buildings of this kind include the [[Sukiennice|Cloth Hall]] in [[Kraków]] and city halls of [[Tarnów]] and [[Sandomierz]]. The most famous example is the 16th-century [[Poznań Town Hall]], designed by [[Giovanni Battista di Quadro]].

In the third period (1600–50), the rising power of sponsored [[Jesuits]] and [[Counter Reformation]] gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and Baroque. Most notable example of this period is [[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park]], [[mannerist]] architectural and park landscape complex and pilgrimage park, which consists Basilica of St. Mary and 42 chapels modelled and named after the places in Jerusalem and Holy Land. This is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Another great example from this period is [[Krasiczyn Castle]], which is an palazzo in fortezza with a unique [[sgraffito]] wall decorations, whose total area is about 7000 square meters.<ref>Harald Busch, Bernd Lohse, Hans Weigert, ''Baukunst der Renaissance in Europa. Von Spätgotik bis zum Manierismus'', Frankfurt af Main, 1960<br />Wilfried Koch, ''Style w architekturze'', Warsaw 1996<br />Tadeusz Broniewski, ''Historia architektury dla wszystkich'' Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, 1990<br />Mieczysław Gębarowicz, ''Studia nad dziejami kultury artystycznej późnego renesansu w Polsce'', Toruń 1962</ref>

===Portugal===
[[File:Grande Claustro e Fonte.jpg|thumb|Cloister of the [[Convent of Christ (Tomar)|Convent of Christ]], [[Tomar]], Portugal, (1557–1591), Diogo de Torralva and [[Filippo Terzi]].]]
{{main|Renaissance architecture in Portugal|Portuguese Renaissance}}
The adoption of the Renaissance style in [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] was gradual. The so-called [[Manueline]] style ({{circa|1490}}–1535) married Renaissance elements to Gothic structures with the superficial application of exuberant ornament similar to the [[Isabelline Gothic]] of Spain. Examples of Manueline include the [[Belém Tower]], a defensive building of Gothic form decorated with Renaissance-style [[loggia]]s, and the [[Jerónimos Monastery]], with Renaissance ornaments decorating portals, columns and cloisters.

The first "pure" Renaissance structures appear under King [[John III of Portugal|John III]], like the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Tomar (1532–40), the ''Porta Especiosa'' of [[Old Cathedral of Coimbra|Coimbra Cathedral]] and the [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça (Évora)]] ({{circa|1530}}–1540), as well as the cloisters of [[Viseu Cathedral]] ({{circa|1528}}–1534) and [[Convent of Christ]] in Tomar (John III Cloisters, 1557–1591). The [[Lisbon]] buildings of [[Igreja de São Roque (Lisbon)|São Roque Church]] (1565–87) and the Mannerist [[Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]] (1582–1629), strongly influenced religious architecture in both Portugal and its colonies in the next centuries.<ref name=BF />

===Russia===
{{main|Russian architecture|Renaissance architecture in Eastern Europe}}
Prince [[Ivan III]] introduced Renaissance architecture to [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] by inviting a number of architects from Italy, who brought new construction techniques and some Renaissance style elements with them, while in general following the traditional designs of the [[Russian architecture]]. In 1475 the Bolognese architect [[Aristotele Fioravanti]] came to rebuild the [[Cathedral of the Dormition]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]], damaged in an earthquake. Fioravanti was given the 12th-century [[Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir]] as a model, and produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness, proportion and symmetry.

[[File:Московский Кремль. Грановитая палата.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Facets]] on the [[Cathedral Square, Moscow|Cathedral Square]] of the [[Moscow Kremlin]].]]

In 1485, Ivan III commissioned the building of a royal [[Terem Palace]] within the Kremlin, with [[Aloisio da Milano]] being the architect of the first three floors. Aloisio da Milano, as well as the other Italian architects, also greatly contributed to the construction of the [[Kremlin wall]]s [[Kremlin towers|and towers]]. The small banqueting hall of the [[Russian Tsar]]s, called the [[Palace of Facets]] because of its facetted upper story, is the work of two Italians, [[Marco Ruffo]] and [[Pietro Solario]], and shows a more Italian style.

In 1505, an Italian known in Russia as [[Aleviz Novyi]] built twelve churches for Ivan III, including the [[Cathedral of the Archangel]], a building remarkable for the successful blending of Russian tradition, Orthodox requirements and Renaissance style.

===Scandinavia===
{{main|Architecture of Denmark}}
[[File:Frederiksborg Castle and boat crop.jpg|thumb|left|Nordic Renaissance: [[Frederiksborg Palace]] (1602–20)]]
The Renaissance architecture that found its way to Scandinavia was influenced by the Flemish architecture, and included high gables and a castle air as demonstrated in the architecture of [[Frederiksborg Palace]]. Consequently, much of the Neo-Renaissance to be found in the Scandinavian countries is derived from this source.

In Denmark, Renaissance architecture thrived during the reigns of [[Frederick II of Denmark|Frederick II]] and especially [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]]. Inspired by the French castles of the times, Flemish architects designed masterpieces such as [[Kronborg Castle]] in [[Helsingør]] and [[Frederiksborg Castle]] in [[Hillerød]]. The Frederiksborg Castle (1602–1620) is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia.

Elsewhere in Sweden, with [[Gustav Vasa]]'s seizure of power and the onset of the Protestant reformation, church construction and aristocratic building projects came to a near standstill. During this time period, several magnificent so-called "Vasa castles" appeared. They were erected at strategic locations to control the country as well as to accommodate the travelling royal court. [[Gripsholm Castle]], [[Kalmar Castle]] and [[Vadstena Castle]] are known for their fusion of medieval elements with Renaissance architecture.

The architecture of [[Norway]] was influenced partly by the occurrence of the plague during the Renaissance era. After the [[Black Death]], monumental construction in Norway came to a standstill. There are few examples of Renaissance architecture in Norway, the most prominent being renovations to the medieval [[Rosenkrantz Tower]] in [[Bergen]], [[Barony Rosendal]] in [[Hardanger]], and the contemporary [[Austrått|Austrat manor]] near [[Trondheim]], and parts of [[Akershus Fortress]].

There is little evidence of Renaissance influence in Finnish architecture.

===Spain===
{{main|Spanish Renaissance architecture}}
[[File:Monasterio de El Escorial 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[El Escorial|The Escorial]] (1563–1584), [[Madrid]]]]
In Spain, Renaissance began to be grafted to Gothic forms in the last decades of the 15th century. The new style is called [[Plateresque]], because of the extremely decorated façade, that brought to the mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work of [[silversmith]]s, the ''Plateros''. Classical orders and candelabra motifs (''a candelieri'') combined freely. As decades passed, the Gothic influence disappeared and the research of an orthodox classicism reached high levels. Although Plateresco is a commonly used term to define most of the architectural production of the late 15th and first half of 16th century, some architects acquired a more sober personal style, like [[Diego Siloe]], and [[Andrés de Vandelvira]] in [[Andalusia]], and [[Alonso de Covarrubias]] and [[Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón]] in [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]]. This phase of Spanish Renaissance is called [[Purism (architecture)|Purism]]. From the mid-sixteenth century, under such architects as [[Pedro Machuca]], [[Juan Bautista de Toledo]] and [[Juan de Herrera]] there was a closer adherence to the art of ancient Rome, sometimes anticipating [[Mannerism]], examples of which include the [[palace of Charles V]] in [[Granada]] and [[El Escorial]].<ref name=BF /><ref name=A.M /><ref name= W&M /> This ''[[Herrerian style]]'' or ''arquitectura herreriana'' of architecture was developed during the last third of the 16th century under the reign of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] (1556–1598),<ref name=Arteespana>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arteespana.com/arquitecturaherreriana.htm|title=Arquitectura Herreriana|language=es|website=arteespana.com|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102080957/https://www.arteespana.com/arquitecturaherreriana.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and continued in force in the 17th century, but transformed by the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque style]] of the time. 
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