Editing Ozone (section)

==Applications==

===Industry===
The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of [[pharmaceuticals]], [[synthetic lubricants]], and many other commercially useful [[organic compounds]], where it is used to sever [[carbon]]-carbon bonds.<ref name=brown/> It can also be used for [[bleach (chemical)|bleaching]] substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources.<ref>{{cite web |work=Ozone Information |title=Ozone and Color Removal |url=http://www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.html |access-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715031645/http://www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.html |archive-date=2011-07-15}}</ref> Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common [[chlorine]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoigné |first=J. |title=Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5 part C |pages=83–141 |year=1998 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin}}</ref> Ozone has a very high [[oxidation potential]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxidation Potential of Ozone |work=Ozone-Information.com |url=http://www.ozone-information.com/Oxidation_Potential_Ozone.html |access-date=2008-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419034421/http://www.ozone-information.com/Oxidation_Potential_Ozone.html |archive-date=2008-04-19}}</ref> Ozone does not form [[organochlorine]] compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment. Ozone can form the suspected carcinogen [[bromate]] in source water with high [[bromide]] concentrations. The U.S. [[Safe Drinking Water Act]] mandates that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2&nbsp;μmol/mol residual [[free chlorine]] in the pipes, based on results of regular testing. Where [[electric power|electrical power]] is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, since it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odour in drinking water.

Although low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] and [[Environmental Protection Agency]]. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness). [[Spore]] forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations at which asthma patients start to have issues.

In 1908 artificial ozonisation of the [[Central line (London Underground)|Central Line]] of the [[London Underground]] was introduced for aerial disinfection. The process was found to be worthwhile, but was phased out by 1956. However the beneficial effect was maintained by the ozone created incidentally from the electrical discharges of the train motors (see above: [[#Incidental production|Incidental production]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Postgate |first1=J. R. |title=Microbes and man |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-41259-9 |page=97 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

Ozone generators were made available to schools and universities in Wales for the Autumn term 2021, to disinfect classrooms after [[COVID-19]] outbreaks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=Concerns over plan to use ozone to disinfect classrooms in Wales |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 August 2021 |language=en |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/aug/30/concerns-over-plan-to-disinfect-classrooms-in-wales-with-ozone}}</ref>

Industrially, ozone is used to:
* Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes, etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decontamination: Ozone scores on spores |date=2007-04-01 |work=Hospital Development |publisher=Wilmington Media Ltd. |url=http://www.hdmagazine.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=2043080 |access-date=2007-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000438/http://www.hdmagazine.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=2043080 |archive-date=2007-09-29}}</ref>
* Disinfect water in place of chlorine<ref name=brown/>
* [[Deodorize]] air and objects, such as after a fire. This process is extensively used in [[fabric restoration]].
* Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces<ref name="food"/>
* Water intense industries such as [[breweries]] and [[dairy]] plants can make effective use of dissolved ozone as a replacement for chemical sanitizers such as [[peracetic acid]], [[hypochlorite]] or heat.
* Disinfect [[cooling tower]]s and control [[Legionella]] with reduced chemical consumption and water bleed-off, and increased performance.
* Sanitize swimming pools and spas
* Kill insects in stored grain<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozone may provide environmentally safe protection for grains |date=January 30, 2003 |publisher=Purdue News |author=Steeves, Susan A. |url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/030130.Mason.ozone.html}}</ref>
* Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants
* Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold, and bacteria<ref name="food"/>
* Chemically attack contaminants in water ([[iron]], [[arsenic]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[nitrite]]s, and complex organics lumped together as "colour")
* Provide an aid to [[flocculation]] (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);
* Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis<ref>{{cite web |title=Chemical Synthesis with Ozone |work=Ozone-Information.com |url=http://www.ozone-information.com/Chemical_Synthesis_Ozone.html |access-date=2008-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410114619/http://www.ozone-information.com/Chemical_Synthesis_Ozone.html |archive-date=2008-04-10}}</ref>
* Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in fabric restoration; the latter use is patented)<ref>{{cite web |title=Clean and bleach fabrics by ozone |url=http://www.ifatcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/E13.-PERINCEK.pdf}}</ref>
* Act as an [[antichlor]] in chlorine-based bleaching
* Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks
* Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber
* Eradicate water-borne parasites such as ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' and ''[[Cryptosporidium]]'' in surface water treatment plants.

Ozone is a [[reagent]] in many [[organic reactions]] in the laboratory and in industry. [[Ozonolysis]] is the cleavage of an [[alkene]] to [[carbonyl]] compounds.

Many hospitals around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Boer |first1=Hero E. L. |last2=van Elzelingen-Dekker |first2=Carla M. |last3=van Rheenen-Verberg |first3=Cora M. F. |last4=Spanjaard |first4=Lodewijk |title=Use of Gaseous Ozone for Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' From the Home Environment of a Colonized Hospital Employee |journal=Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1120–1122 |date=October 2006 |jstor=507966 |pmid=17006820 |doi=10.1086/507966 |s2cid=11627160}}</ref>

Ozone is used as an alternative to [[chlorine]] or [[chlorine dioxide]] in the [[bleaching of wood pulp]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sjöström |first=Eero |title=Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications |year=1993 |publisher=Academic Press, Inc. |location=San Diego, CA |isbn=978-0-12-647481-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv3xcS6eS5QC&pg=PA187}}</ref> It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white [[paper]].<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Su
|first1=Yu-Chang
|last2=Chen
|first2=Horng-Tsai
|title=Enzone Bleaching Sequence and Color Reversion of Ozone-Bleached Pulps
|journal=Taiwan Journal of Forest Science
|volume=16
|issue=2
|pages=93–102
|year=2001
|url=http://www.tfri.gov.tw/enu/pub_science_in.aspx?pid=339&catid0=37&catid1=64&pg0=&pg1=1
|access-date=2007-08-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014002621/http://www.tfri.gov.tw/enu/pub_science_in.aspx?pid=339&catid0=37&catid1=64&pg0=&pg1=1
|archive-date=2010-10-14
}}</ref>

Ozone can be used to detoxify [[cyanide]] wastes (for example from [[gold]] and [[silver]] [[mining]]) by oxidizing cyanide to [[cyanate]] and eventually to [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bollyky |first=L. J. |title=Ozone Treatment of Cyanide-Bearing Wastes, EPA Report 600/2-77-104 |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |location=Research Triangle Park, N.C.}}</ref>

===Water disinfection===
Since the invention of [[dielectric barrier discharge]] (DBD) plasma reactors, it has been employed for water treatment with ozone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siemens |first1=Werner |title=About the electrostatic induction and the delay of the current in bottle wires. |date=1857 |journal=Annals of Physics |volume=178 |issue=9 |page=66 |doi=10.1002/andp.18571780905}}</ref> However, with cheaper alternative disinfectants like chlorine, such applications of DBD ozone water decontamination have been limited by high power consumption and bulky equipment.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=US Environmental Protection Agency. |title=Drinking Water Treatability Database.|date=2009 }}</ref><ref name="Trihalomethane formation during che">{{cite journal |last1=Sorlini |first1=Sabrina |last2=Collivignarelli |first2=Carlo |title=Trihalomethane formation during chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone of ten Italian natural waters |date=2005 |journal=Desalination |volume=176 |issue=1–3 |pages=103–111 |bibcode=2005Desal.176..103S |doi=10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.022}}</ref> Despite this, with research revealing the negative impacts of common disinfectants like chlorine with respect to toxic residuals and ineffectiveness in killing certain micro-organisms,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallard |first1=Hervé |last2=Gunten |first2=Urs von |title=Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation. |date=2002 |journal=Water Research |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=65–74 |bibcode=2002WatRe..36...65G |pmid=11766819 |doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00187-7}}</ref> DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination is of interest in current available technologies. Although ozonation of water with a high concentration of bromide does lead to the formation of undesirable brominated disinfection byproducts, unless drinking water is produced by desalination, ozonation can generally be applied without concern for these byproducts.<ref name="Trihalomethane formation during che"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Croué |first1=J. P. |last2=Koudjonou |first2=B. K. |last3=Legube |first3=B. |title=Parameters affecting the formation of bromate ion during ozonation.|date=1996 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Mohamed S. |last2=Amy |first2=Gary L. |title=Factors affecting DBP formation during ozone–bromide reactions. |date=1993 |journal=American Water Works Association |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |bibcode=1993JAWWA..85a..63S |doi=10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05922.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=World Health Organization. |title=Atrazine in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality|date=2003 }}</ref> Advantages of ozone include high thermodynamic oxidation potential, less sensitivity to organic material and better tolerance for pH variations while retaining the ability to kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as spores and cysts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khadre |first1=M. A. |last2=Yousef |first2=A. E. |last3=Kim |first3=J-G. |title=Microbiological aspects of ozone applications in food: a review. |date=2001 |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=1242–1252 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15196.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mujovic |first1=Selman |last2=Foster |first2=John E. |title=Plasma Physics and Chemistry for Water Reuse: Scaling the Plasma-Water Interface as an AOP Alternative |date=2018 |journal=Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018 |volume=15 |pages=1969–1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guzel-Seydim |first1=Zeynep B. |last2=Greene |first2=Annel K. |last3=Seydim |first3=A. C. |title=Use of ozone in the food industry |date=2004 |journal=LWT - Food Science and Technology |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=453–460 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2003.10.014}}</ref> Although, ozone has been widely accepted in Europe for decades, it is sparingly used for decontamination in the U.S. due to limitations of high-power consumption, bulky installation and stigma attached with ozone toxicity.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weschler |first1=Charles J. |title=Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry. |date=2000 |journal=Indoor Air |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=269–288 |bibcode=2000InAir..10..269W |pmid=11089331 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010004269.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Considering this, recent research efforts have been directed toward the study of effective ozone water treatment systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Bhaswati |last2=Portugal |first2=Sherlie |last3=Mastanaiah |first3=Navya |last4=Johnson |first4=Judith A. |last5=Roy |first5=Subrata |title=Inactivation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' and Methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' in an open water system with ozone generated by a compact, atmospheric DBD plasma reactor. |date=2018 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=17573 |bibcode=2018NatSR...817573C |pmid=30514896 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-36003-0 |pmc=6279761}}</ref> Researchers have looked into lightweight and compact low power surface DBD reactors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Bhaswati |last2=Portugal |first2=Sherlie |last3=Johnson |first3=Judith A. |last4=Roy |first4=Subrata |title=Performance evaluation of fan and comb shaped plasma reactors for distribution of generated ozone in a confined space. |date=2020 |journal=AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum |page=1165}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=10,651,014 |status=Issued |title=Compact portable plasma reactor |gdate=May 12, 2020. |fdate=05/12/2020 |invent1=Subrata Roy |invent2=Sherlie Portugal}}</ref> energy efficient volume DBD reactors<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Draou |first1=Abdelkader |last2=Nemmich |first2=Said |last3=Nassour |first3=Kamel |last4=Benmimoun |first4=Youcef |last5=Tilmatine |first5=Amar |title=Experimental analysis of a novel ozone generator configuration for use in water treatment applications. |date=2019 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Studies |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=338–350 |bibcode=2019IJEnS..76..338D |doi=10.1080/00207233.2018.1499698 |s2cid=105285760}}</ref> and low power micro-scale DBD reactors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zito |first1=Justin C. |last2=Durscher |first2=Ryan J. |last3=Soni |first3=Jignesh |last4=Roy |first4=Subrata |last5=Arnold |first5=David P. |title=Flow and force inducement using micron size dielectric barrier discharge actuators. |date=2012 |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=100 |issue=19 |page=193502 |bibcode=2012ApPhL.100s3502Z |doi=10.1063/1.4712068}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuvshinov |first1=Dmitriy |last2=Lozano-Parada |first2=Jaime |last3=Siswanto |first3=Anggun |last4=Zimmerman |first4=William |title=Efficient compact micro DBD plasma reactor for ozone generation for industrial application in liquid and gas phase systems |date=2014 |journal=International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering |volume=8 |issue=1}}</ref> Such studies can help pave the path to re-acceptance of DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination of water, especially in the U.S.

===Consumers===
{{See also|Air purifier#Potential ozone hazards}}

Ozone levels which are safe for people are ineffective at killing fungi and bacteria.<ref name="CARB">{{cite web |title=An Investigation of Ozone Emissions From Consumer Products |author=CARB Indoor Air Quality Group |date=January 5, 2021 |url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/ozone-emissions-consumer-products-study}}</ref> Some consumer disinfection and cosmetic products emit ozone at levels harmful to human health.<ref name="CARB"/>

Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, boats, and other vehicles.

Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), it is "amending the [[food additive]] regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an [[antimicrobial|antimicrobial agent]] on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at [[California Polytechnic State University|California Polytechnic University]] demonstrated that 0.3&nbsp;μmol/mol levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99.99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, ''E. coli'' 0157:H7 and ''Campylobacter''. This quantity is 20,000 times the [[World Health Organization|WHO]]-recommended limits stated above.<ref name="food">{{cite web |last=Montecalvo |first=Joseph |author2=Doug Williams |title=Application of Ozonation in Sanitizing Vegetable Process Washwaters |publisher=California Polytechnic State University |url=http://www.cwtozone.com/files/articles/Food_Produce/Article%20-%20Veg.%20Process%20washwater.pdf |access-date=2008-03-24  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528140629/http://www.cwtozone.com/files/articles/Food_Produce/Article%20-%20Veg.%20Process%20washwater.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Long |first=Ron |year=2008 |title=POU Ozone Food Sanitation: A Viable Option for Consumers & the Food Service Industry |url=http://www.purityintl.com/Article%20POU.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132442/http://www.purityintl.com/Article%20POU.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-15}} (the report also shows that tapwater removes 99.95% of pathogens from lettuce; samples were inoculated with pathogens before treatment)</ref>

Ozone can be used to remove [[pesticide]] residues from [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tersano Inc |year=2007 |title=lotus Sanitises Food without Chemicals |url=http://www.tersano.com/sanitizing_system_food.shtml |access-date=2007-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211025555/http://www.tersano.com/sanitizing_system_food.shtml |archive-date=2007-02-11}}</ref><ref name="fruit">{{cite book |title=Improving the Safety of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables |last=Jongen |first=W |year=2005 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing Ltd |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-1-85573-956-7}}</ref>

Ozone is used in homes and [[hot tub]]s to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with [[halogens]]. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidant Guidance Manual |date=April 1999 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |url=http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/mdbp/upload/2001_07_13_mdbp_alternative_disinfectants_guidance.pdf |access-date=2008-01-14}}</ref>

Ozone is also widely used in the treatment of water in aquariums and fishponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fishes' gill structures. Natural saltwater (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ions to [[hypobromous acid]], and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. If oxygen-fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen and fishes' gill structures will atrophy, making them dependent on oxygen-enriched water.

===Aquaculture===
{{Redirect|Ozonation|the chemical reaction|ozonolysis}}
Ozonation – a process of infusing water with ozone&nbsp;– can be used in aquaculture to facilitate organic breakdown. Ozone is also added to recirculating systems to reduce [[nitrite]] levels<ref name="Noble">{{cite journal |last1=Noble |first1=A.C. |last2=Summerfelt |first2=S.T. |year=1996 |title=Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems |journal=Annual Review of Fish Diseases |volume=6 |pages=65–92 |doi=10.1016/S0959-8030(96)90006-X |doi-access=free}}</ref> through conversion into [[nitrate]]. If nitrite levels in the water are high, nitrites will also accumulate in the blood and tissues of fish, where it interferes with oxygen transport (it causes oxidation of the heme-group of [[haemoglobin]] from ferrous ({{chem|Fe|2+}}) to ferric ({{chem|Fe|3+}}), making haemoglobin unable to bind {{chem|O|2}}).<ref name="Ferreira">{{cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=O |last2=de Costa |first2=O.T. |last3=Ferreira |first3=Santos |last4=Mendonca |first4=F. |year=2004 |title=Susceptibility of the Amazonian fish, Colossoma macropomum (Serrasalminae), to short-term exposure to nitrite |journal=Aquaculture |volume=232 |issue=1–4 |pages=627–636 |bibcode=2004Aquac.232..627F |doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00524-6}}</ref> Despite these apparent positive effects, ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, resulting in iodine deficiency symptoms such as goitre and decreased growth in Senegalese sole (''[[Solea senegalensis]]'') larvae.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=A.R.A. |last2=Ribeiro |first2=L. |last3=Saele |first3=Ø. |last4=Hamre |first4=K. |last5=Dinis |first5=M.T. |last6=Moren |first6=M. |title=Iodine-enriched rotifers andArtemiaprevent goitre in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared in a recirculation system |journal=Aquaculture Nutrition |year=2009 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=248–257 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00740.x}}</ref>

Ozonate seawater is used for surface disinfection of [[haddock]] and [[Atlantic halibut]] eggs against nodavirus. Nodavirus is a lethal and vertically transmitted virus which causes severe mortality in fish. Haddock eggs should not be treated with high ozone level as eggs so treated did not hatch and died after 3–4 days.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buchan |first1=K. |last2=Martin-Robinchaud |first2=D. |last3=Benfey |first3=T.J. |last4=MacKinnon |year=2006 |first4=A |last5=Boston |first5=L |title=The efficacy of ozonated seawater for surface disinfection of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) eggs against piscine nodavirus |journal=Aquacultural Engineering |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=102–107 |bibcode=2006AqEng..35..102B |doi=10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.10.001}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Ozone application on freshly cut pineapple and banana shows increase in flavonoids and total phenol contents when exposure is up to 20 minutes. Decrease in [[ascorbic acid]] (one form of [[vitamin C]]) content is observed but the positive effect on total phenol content and flavonoids can overcome the negative effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alothman |first1=M. |last2=Kaur |first2=B. |last3=Fazilah |first3=A. |last4=Bhat |year=2010 |first4=Rajeev |last5=Karim |first5=Alias A. |title=Ozone-induced changes of antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut tropical fruits |journal=Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=666–671 |doi=10.1016/j.ifset.2010.08.008}}</ref> Tomatoes upon treatment with ozone show an increase in β-carotene, lutein and lycopene.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tzortzakis |first1=N. |last2=Borland |first2=A. |last3=Singleton |first3=I. |year=2007 |last4=Barnes |first4=J |title=Impact of atmospheric ozone-enrichment on quality-related attributes of tomato fruit |journal=Postharvest Biology and Technology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=317–325 |doi=10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.03.004}}</ref> However, ozone application on strawberries in pre-harvest period shows decrease in ascorbic acid content.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keutgen |first1=A.J. |last2=Pawelzik |first2=E. |year=2008 |title=Influence of pre-harvest ozone exposure on quality of strawberry fruit under simulated retail conditions |journal=Postharvest Biology and Technology |volume=49 |pages=10–18 |doi=10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.12.003}}</ref>

Ozone facilitates the extraction of some heavy metals from soil using [[EDTA]]. EDTA forms strong, water-soluble coordination compounds with some heavy metals ([[lead|Pb]] and [[zinc|Zn]]) thereby making it possible to dissolve them out from contaminated soil. If contaminated soil is pre-treated with ozone, the extraction efficacy of [[lead|Pb]], [[americium|Am]], and [[plutonium|Pu]] increases by 11.0–28.9%,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lestan |first1=D. |last2=Hanc |first2=A. |last3=Finzgar |first3=N. |year=2005 |title=Influence of ozonation on extractability of Pb and Zn from contaminated soils |journal=Chemosphere |volume=61 |issue=7 |pages=1012–1019 |bibcode=2005Chmsp..61.1012L |pmid=16257321 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.005}}</ref> 43.5%<ref name="Plaue">{{cite journal |last1=Plaue |first1=J.W. |last2=Czerwinski |first2=K.R. |year=2003 |title=The influence of ozone on ligand-assisted extraction of 239Pu and 241Am from rocky flats soil |journal=Radiochim. Acta |volume=91 |issue=6–2003 |pages=309–313 |doi=10.1524/ract.91.6.309.20026 |s2cid=96019177}}</ref> and 50.7%<ref name="Plaue"/> respectively.

===Effect on pollinators===
Crop pollination is an essential part of an ecosystem. Ozone can have detrimental effects on plant-pollinator interactions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Otieno |first=Mark |title=Interactive effects of ozone and carbon dioxide on plant-pollinator interactions and yields in a legume crop |date=October 2022 |journal=Environmental Advances |volume=9 |page=100285 |bibcode=2022EnvAd...900285O |doi=10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100285 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Pollinators carry pollen from one plant to another. This is an essential cycle inside of an ecosystem. Causing changes in certain atmospheric conditions around pollination sites or with xenobiotics could cause unknown changes to the natural cycles of pollinators and flowering plants. In a study conducted in North-Western Europe, crop pollinators were negatively affected more when ozone levels were higher.<ref name="Rollin-2022">{{cite journal |last=Rollin |first=Orianne |title=Effects of ozone air pollution on crop pollinators and pollination |date=July 2022 |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=75 |page=102529 |bibcode=2022GEC....7502529R |via=Elsevier Science Direct |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102529 |s2cid=249086005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095937802200067X}}</ref>

===Alternative medicine===
{{See also|Ozone therapy}}
The use of ozone for the treatment of medical conditions is not supported by high quality evidence, and is generally considered [[alternative medicine]].<ref name=ACS>{{cite web |title=Oxygen Therapy |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]] |url=http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/oxygen-therapy |access-date=29 November 2012 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213742/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/oxygen-therapy |archive-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>