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==References== {{reflist|refs = <!-- <ref name="elis1-7-9"> Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 7, 9, 10]; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 24–77] </ref> <ref name="elis1-7-7"> Pausanias, "Elis 1", VII, p. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 9]; Pindar, "Olympian 10", pp. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 24–77] </ref> --> <ref name="frencholympics"> {{cite web|url= http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=68524&id_supplement=8&id_edition=4405|title= Histoire et évolution des Jeux olympiques|website= Potentiel|year= 2005|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426131750/http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=68524&id_supplement=8&id_edition=4405|archive-date=26 April 2011}} </ref> <ref name="wenlock"> {{cite web|title=Rugby School motivated founder of Games|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/olympics/2004/07/07/bc.sport.olympics.coubertin/|agency=Reuters|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=7 July 2004|access-date=4 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823070741/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/olympics/2004/07/07/bc.sport.olympics.coubertin/|archive-date=23 August 2004 }} </ref> <ref name="chamonix"> {{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802010902/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|archive-date= 2 August 2008|title= Chamonix 1924|publisher= International Olympic Committee|access-date=31 January 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Parahist"> {{cite web |title=History of the Paralympic Games |publisher=Government of Canada |url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/101/histor/010203-eng.cfm |access-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312224915/http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/101/histor/010203-eng.cfm |archive-date=12 March 2010 }} </ref> <ref name="Rogge introduces"> {{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/6467087.stm|title= Rogge wants Youth Olympic Games|date= 19 March 2007|work= [[BBC Sport]]|access-date=2 February 2009}} </ref> <ref name="CRIonYOG"> {{cite web|url= http://english.cri.cn/2886/2007/04/25/1221@220491.htm|archive-url= https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160809193825/http://english.cri.cn/2886/2007/04/25/1221@220491.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 August 2016|date=25 April 2007|title= IOC to Introduce Youth Olympic Games in 2010|publisher= CRIenglish.com|access-date=29 January 2009}} </ref> <ref name="YOGisGo"> {{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2227|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080821232940/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2227|archive-date= 21 August 2008|title= IOC session: A "go" for Youth Olympic Games|publisher= International Olympic Committee|date= 5 July 2007|access-date=2 February 2009}} </ref> <ref name="No kidding"> {{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2007-04-25-2774646336_x.htm|title= No kidding: Teens to get Youth Olympic Games|work= USA Today|access-date=27 August 2008|date=25 April 2007|first=Stephen|last=Wade}} </ref> <ref name="movement"> {{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/index_uk.asp|title=The Olympic Movement|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=2 May 2009}} </ref> <ref name="movement roles"> {{cite web|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_843.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429054311/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_843.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011|title=Roles and responsibilities during the Olympic Games|date=February 2008|publisher=International Olympic Committee|pages=1–2|access-date=2 May 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Buying the Games"> {{cite news|title=Buying the Games|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|work=BBC News|date=29 July 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3937425.stm|access-date=16 April 2009}} </ref> <ref name="television"> {{cite web |title=Issues of the Olympic Games |website=Olympic Primer |publisher=LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/primer_text2.htm |access-date=30 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425100112/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/primer_text2.htm |archive-date=25 April 2009 }} </ref> <ref name="ratings"> {{cite news|title=A Surprise Winner at the Olympic Games in Beijing: NBC|last1=Carter|first1=Bill|last2=Sandomir|first2=Richard |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 August 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/sports/olympics/18nbc.html|access-date=2 April 2009|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901225732/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/sports/olympics/18nbc.html|archive-date=1 September 2008|url-status=live}} </ref> <ref name="olympicsymbols"> {{cite web |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324234949/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2009 |title=The Olympic Symbols |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead }} </ref> <ref name="torch"> {{cite web |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_655.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013924/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_655.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |title=The Olympic flame and the torch relay |website=Olympic Museum |publisher=International Olympic Committee |year=2007 |page=6 |access-date=4 February 2009 |url-status=dead }} </ref> <ref name="OCFactSheetS"> {{cite web|title= Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games|publisher= International Olympic Committee|date=February 2008|url= http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1134.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094114/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1134.pdf|archive-date= 29 April 2011|access-date=14 August 2008}} </ref> <ref name="OCFactSheetW"> {{cite web |title=Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=February 2008 |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1036.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013925/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1036.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead }} </ref> <ref name="OCprotocol1"> {{cite book |title=The Modern Olympic Games |chapter=The development of the Games – Between festival and tradition |publisher=International Olympic Committee |page=5 |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013906/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf#pages=5 |access-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead }} </ref> <ref name="otraditions"> {{cite news|title= Symbols and Traditions: Medal ceremony|work= USA Today|date= 12 July 1999|url= https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr03.htm|access-date=29 August 2008}} </ref> <ref name="Sports"> {{cite web|url=http://olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asp|title=Sports|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=8 February 2009}} </ref> <ref name="recognizedsports"> {{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/recognized/index_uk.asp|title=Recognised Sports|website=olympic.org|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324032152/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/recognized/index_uk.asp|archive-date=24 March 2009|url-status=dead}} </ref> <ref name="factsheetsports"> {{cite web |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1135.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013905/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1135.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |title=Factsheet: The sports on the Olympic programme |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=February 2008 |access-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead }} </ref> <ref name="newosports"> {{cite news|title=Golf, rugby added for 2016 and 2020 |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |publisher=ESPN|date=9 October 2009|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=4545111|access-date=9 October 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Amateurism"> {{cite news|title=Symbols and traditions: Amateurism|date=12 July 1999|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm|access-date=9 February 2009}} </ref> <ref name="Boycott 1"> {{cite web|title=Melbourne/Stockholm 1956|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/melbourne-stockholm-1956-summer-olympics|access-date=25 July 2011}} </ref> <ref name="CBC boycott"> {{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/african-nations-boycott-costly-montreal-games-1.770807|title=African nations boycott costly Montreal Games|publisher=[[CBC Sports]]|date=30 July 2008|access-date=6 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815130412/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2008/05/09/f-olympics-history-1976.html|archive-date=15 August 2012}} </ref> <ref name="corbit"> {{cite web |title=ChinaOlympic History |publisher=Chinaorbit.com |url=http://www.chinaorbit.com/2008-olympics-china/olympic-games-history.html |access-date=27 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531233555/http://www.chinaorbit.com/2008-olympics-china/olympic-games-history.html |archive-date=31 May 2008 }} </ref> <ref name="1980 Boycott"> {{cite news|title=Moscow 1980:Cold War, Cold Shoulder|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3524906,00.html|date=31 July 2008|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=27 April 2009}} </ref> <ref name="1980 Boycott 2"> {{cite web|title=Los Angeles 1984|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/los-angeles-1984-summer-olympics|access-date=25 July 2011}} </ref> <ref name="EUTibet"> {{cite news|title=Diplomats Visit Tibet as EU Split on Olympic Opening Boycott|date=29 March 2008|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Diplomats_visit_Tibet_as_EU_split_on_Olympic_opening_boycott_/articleshow/2908958.cms|access-date=7 February 2008}} </ref> <ref name="GSE"> {{cite encyclopedia|title=Spartakiads|volume=24.1|page=286|year=1976|encyclopedia=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya}} </ref> <ref name="Black Salute"> {{cite news|title=1968: Black athletes make silent protest|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3535000/3535348.stm|access-date=7 February 2009|date=17 October 1968}} </ref> <ref name="wadahistory">{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Anti-Doping|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|access-date=10 September 2008|archive-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816090310/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com"> {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/opinion/19iht-edahmed.3.13017836.html|title=Bar countries that ban women athletes|last=Al-Ahmed|first=Ali|date=19 May 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502182237/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/opinion/19iht-edahmed.3.13017836.html|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=dead}} </ref> <ref name="independent.co.uk"> {{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/inside-lines-protests-at-2012-if-saudis-say-no-girls-allowed-2017852.html|title=Inside Lines: Protests at 2012 if Saudis say 'no girls allowed'|last=Hubbard|first=Alan|date=4 July 2010|work=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628123306/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/inside-lines-protests-at-2012-if-saudis-say-no-girls-allowed-2017852.html|archive-date=28 June 2015|url-status=live}} </ref> <ref name="MSNBC 2009-01-30"> {{cite news|title = Bush turns attention from politics to Olympics |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |publisher = NBC News|date = 7 August 2008|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26081584|access-date =30 January 2009}} </ref> <ref name="autogenerated1"> {{cite magazine|last=Larmer|first=Brook|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833856,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220119/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833856,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2008|title=The Year of the Mercenary Athlete|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=19 August 2008|access-date=27 November 2011}} </ref> <ref name="BeijingOlymp-1"> {{cite web |title=Medals of Beijing Olympic Games Unveiled |publisher=The International Olympic Committee |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/67/83/article214028367.shtml |access-date=3 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903120551/http://en.beijing2008.cn/67/83/article214028367.shtml |archive-date=3 September 2008 }} </ref> <ref name="bidpro"> {{cite web|title=Olympic Charter|publisher=International Olympic Committee|pages= 72–75|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723070003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011|access-date=2 April 2009}} </ref> <ref name="hostcity"> {{cite web|title=Choice of the Host City|date=2009|website=olympic.org|url=https://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/cities_uk.asp|access-date=2 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402120408/https://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/cities_uk.asp|archive-date=2 April 2009|url-status=dead}} </ref> <ref name="Girginov Parry 2005 p38"> {{harvnb|Girginov|Parry|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC&q=liverpool&pg=PA38 38]}} </ref> <ref name="Krüger Murray 2003 p230"> {{harvnb|Krüger|Murray|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC&dq=1936+olympics+%22irish+free+state%22&pg=PA230 230]}} </ref> <ref name="Swaddling 2000 p54"> {{harvnb|Swaddling|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC 54]}} </ref> <ref name="Olympic Charter 2011"> {{cite web|title = Olympic Charter|date = July 2011|publisher = International Olympic Committee|location = Lausanne, Switzerland|url = http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf|access-date =27 July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007023126/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf|archive-date = 7 October 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name=EDP>{{cite web|url= https://www.ipevidencedisclosurepackage.net/|title= Electronic Documentary Package of the IP Professor Richard H. McLaren, O.C.|date= December 2016|access-date= 28 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170128101648/https://www.ipevidencedisclosurepackage.net/|archive-date= 28 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=McLarenII>{{cite web|url= https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-into-sochi-allegations-0|title= McLaren Independent Investigation Report into Sochi Allegations – Part II|publisher= [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]|date= 9 December 2016|access-date= 28 December 2018|archive-date= 9 December 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161209124206/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-into-sochi-allegations-0|url-status= dead}}</ref> <ref name=NYT161209>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/sports/russia-doping-mclaren-report.html|title=Report Shows Vast Reach of Russian Doping: 1,000 Athletes, 30 Sports |work=[[The New York Times]] |first= Rebecca R.|last= Ruiz|date= 9 December 2016|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217005205/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/sports/russia-doping-mclaren-report.html|archive-date=17 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Guardian161209>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/dec/09/mclaren-report-into-doping-in-sport-part-two-live|title= McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy|work= The Guardian|first= Lawrence|last= Ostlere|date= 9 December 2016 }}</ref> <!-- Unused citation. 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Press|editor=Lewis, D.M.|editor2=Boardman, John|editor3=Davies, J.K.|isbn = 978-0-521-23347-7|chapter = Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nqbz8Emo3PIC&pg=PA223|access-date =2 February 2013}} * {{cite book|title = Mega-Events and Modernity|last = Roche|first = Maurice|publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group|location = New York|year = 2000|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aldh2YTO7XQC&q=spartakiads+and+the+olympics|isbn = 978-0-415-15711-7|access-date =30 January 2009}} * {{cite journal|last = Shachar|first = Ayelet|year = 2011|title = Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent|journal = Yale Law Journal|volume = 120|issue = 8|pages = 2088–2139}} <!-- * {{cite book|title = The Commercialisation of sport|last = Slack|first = Trevor|publisher = Routledge|location = New York|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-7146-8078-1|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd7ieYncwxIC&q=television+and+the+olympic+games&pg=PA192|access-date =31 March 2009}} --> * {{cite book|last = Swaddling|first = Judith|year = 1999|title = The Ancient Olympic Games|publisher = University of Texas Press|isbn = 978-0-292-77751-4|url = https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad }} * {{cite book|last = Swaddling|first = Judith|year = 2000|title = The Ancient Olympic Games|edition = 2|publisher = University of Texas Press|location = Austin|isbn = 978-0-292-70373-5|oclc = 10759486|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC|access-date =6 June 2009}} * {{cite book|title = Sport and leisure cultures|last = Tomlinson|first = Alan|publisher = University of Minnesota Press|location = Minneapolis MN|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-8166-3382-1|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JphFoBnq2R8C&q=olympic+games+television+ratings&pg=PA14|access-date =2 April 2009}} * {{cite web|publisher=Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|title=Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|website=Canada Newswire|access-date=10 March 2014|date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144945/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last = Weiler|first = Ingomar|year = 2004|title = The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin|journal = European Review|volume = 12|issue = 3|pages = 427–443|doi = 10.1017/S1062798704000365|s2cid = 145511333 }} * {{cite book|title = Social Issues in Sport|last = Woods|first = Ron|publisher = Human Kinetics|location = Champaign IL|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8|url = https://archive.org/details/socialissuesinsp0000wood|url-access = registration|page = [https://archive.org/details/socialissuesinsp0000wood/page/146 146]|quote = television ratings decline olympic games torino.|access-date =2 April 2009}} <!-- * {{cite book|title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games|last = Young|first = David C.|year = 2004|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0|chapter = The Beginnings}} * {{cite book|title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival|last = Young|first = David C.|year = 1996|location = Baltimore|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5}} --> {{refend}}
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