Editing Moctezuma II (section)

==Legacy==
===Descendants in Mexico and the Spanish nobility===
[[File:Escudo de Armas de los Duques de Moctezuma de Tultengo (Descendientes del Emperador Mexica Moctezuma II).svg|thumb|left|Coat of arms of the Dukes de Moctezuma de Tultengo (Descendientes del Emperador Mexica Moctezuma II)]]

[[File:Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta Duque de Ahumada.jpg|thumb|left|Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta Duque de Ahumada]]
Several lines of descendants exist in Mexico and Spain through Moctezuma II's son and daughters, notably Tlacahuepan Ihualicahuaca, or [[Pedro Moctezuma]], and Tecuichpoch Ixcaxochitzin, or [[Isabel Moctezuma]]. Following the conquest, Moctezuma's daughter, Techichpotzin (or Tecuichpoch), became known as Isabel Moctezuma and was given a large estate by Cortés, who also fathered a child by her, [[Leonor Cortés Moctezuma]], who in turn was the mother of [[Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma]].{{sfn|Valencia|1991|p=196}}{{sfn|Chipman|2005|p=68}} Isabel married consecutively to Cuauhtémoc (the last Mexican sovereign), to a conquistador in Cortés' original group, Alonso Grado (died c.&nbsp;1527), a ''poblador'' (a Spaniard who had arrived after the fall of Tenochtitlán), to Pedro Andrade Gallego (died c.&nbsp;1531), and to conquistador Juan Cano de Saavedra, who survived her.{{sfn|Valencia|1991|pp=195, 134–135}} She had children by the latter two, from whom descend the illustrious families of Andrade-Montezuma and Cano-Montezuma. A nephew of Moctezuma II was [[Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin]].

A further line of descendants originates with [[Francisca de Moctezuma|Doña Francisca Moctezuma]], the daughter of Moctezuma II. and [[Tlapalizquixochtzin]], the [[Queen regnant]] of [[Ecatepec de Morelos|Ecatepec]]. Her grandson Don Pedro Cortés Tetlepanquetzatzin de Tlacopan - his grandfather and husband of [[Francisca de Moctezuma|Doña Francisca Moctezuma]] being [[Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin|Don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin]], King of Ecatepec and High-King of [[Tenochtitlan]], later on its first governor under Spanish rule -  married Ana de Chilapa, a direct descendant from the rulers of [[Chilapa de Álvarez (municipality)|Chilapa]], [[Coyoacán]], [[Xochimilco (altepetl)|Xochimilco]], [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]] and also the High-King [[Axayacatl|Axayácatl]].  Her great-grandson Don Joseph Tesifón Moctezuma, [[Cacique]] de Chilapa, married a daughter of Don Antonio de Ordaz Villagómez, the second [[encomendero]] of Chilapa,<ref>Quijada Cornish, Beatrice. ''The ancestry and family of Juan de Oñate'' in The Pacific Ocean in History published by Stephens, Bolton. The Macmillan Company New York (1917): 452–464</ref> who in turn descended from the [[House of Ponce de León]].<ref>Lebeuf, Arnold. ''Origen y genealogía de los Moctezuma, caciques de Chilapa''. Estudios Latinoamericanos 29 (2009): 253–266. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346548722_2009_Origen_y_genealogia_de_los_Moctezuma_caciques_de_Chilapa. Retrieved 25 October 2024</ref> The offspring from this marriage thus claim descent not only from several [[Mexica]] royal houses but also the [[Kings of Leon (monarchs)|Kings of Leon]] and [[Kings of Castile|Castilla]]. Agustín Moctezuma, the grandson of Joseph Tesifón Moctezuma de Chilapa, married María Antonia Guerrero Dávila, a member of the Guerrero-Dávila family. The founders of this family Juan Guerrero de Luna and Beatriz Gómez Dávila were offspring of [[Conquistador|''conquistadores'']] and together with their children have established several mayorazgos in Mexico incorporating also the inheritance of Alonso “El Rico” de Villaseca, one of the largest fortunes at that time.<ref>Hernández Jaimes, Jesús. ''El Cacicazgo de los Moctezuma y la comunidad indígena en la alcaldía mayor de Chilapa, durante la colonia''. Tesis que para obtener el título de licenciado en estudios latinoamericanos. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (1998): 118–127. https://www.academia.edu/41482554/El_cacicazgo_de_los_Moctezuma_y_la_comunidad_ind%C3%ADgena_en_la_Alcald%C3%ADa_Mayor_de_Chilapa_durante_la_Colonia. Retrieved 25 October 2024</ref><ref>Pérez Puente, Leticia; González González, Enrique (2006). ''Permanencia y cambio II universidades hispánicas 1551–2001'' (Primera edición edición). México D.F.: UNAM Centro de estudios sobre la universidad. p. 55. {{ISBN|970-32-2727-9}}</ref> Their main seat were the [[Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero]] in Mexico City. Thus, the [[Cacicazgo]] of Chilapa, held by old [[Mexica]] royalty, and one of the 16th century Mayorazgos of the Spanish nobility in New Spain, were merged within the House of Guerrero-Dávila-Moctezuma. Today, descendants of this branch can be found in [[Chilapa de Álvarez (municipality)|Chilapa]] and [[Mexico City]], the latter (for example the families Sandoval-Alvear and Mariscal-Alvear)<ref>[https://gw.geneanet.org/sanchiz?lang=en&p=pablo+enrique&n=alvear+rivas Family Tree of Pablo Alvear Rivas]. Retrieved 25 October 202</ref> being mostly descendants of Roque de Alvear y Herrera and Maria de la Luz Guerrero Dávila Moctezuma. These two played a prominent role in an infamous trial concerning the control over the Mayorazgo Guerrero-Dávila in 1775–1777.<ref>Lebeuf, Arnold (2009). ''Un cariño excesivo de Don Joseph Moctezuma.'' Tlilan Tlapalan y el Archivo General de la Nación. {{ISBN|978-2-95346-630-0}}.</ref>

[[File:Firma de Convenio con Fundación Azteca (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Esteban Moctezuma|Estaban Moctezuma]].]]
The grandson of Moctezuma II, Pedro's son, Ihuitemotzin, baptized as Diego Luis de Moctezuma, was brought to Spain by King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]. There he married Francisca de la Cueva de Valenzuela.<ref>{{cite journal|first=John Frederick|last=Schwaller|title=Moctezuma's Children: Aztec Royalty Under Spanish Rule, 1520–1700 (review)|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/the_americas/v063/63.3schwaller.html|journal=The Americas|publisher=The Academy of American Franciscan History|year=2007|volume=63|issue=3|pages=471–472|doi=10.1353/tam.2007.0045 |s2cid=144939572 |access-date=16 November 2009}}</ref> In 1627, their son Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma was given the title ''Count of Moctezuma'' (later altered to ''Moctezuma de Tultengo'') and thus became part of the Spanish nobility. In 1766, the holder of the title became a [[Grandee|Grandee of Spain]]. In 1865 (coincidentally during the [[Second Mexican Empire]]), the title, which was held by Antonio María Moctezuma-Marcilla de Teruel y Navarro, 14th Count of Moctezuma de Tultengo, was elevated to that of a [[duke]], thus becoming ''[[Duke of Moctezuma de Tultengo|Duke of Moctezuma]]'', with ''de Tultengo'' again added in 1992 by [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]].

Descendants of Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma included (through an illegitimate child of his son Diego Luis) [[Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, Marquis de las Amarillas|General Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, 3rd Marquis de las Amarillas]] (1741–1819), a ninth-generation descendant of Moctezuma II, who was commander of the Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Fort Charlotte]], and his grandson, [[Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta]], 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of the Amarillas who was the founder of the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://book-smith.tripod.com/montezuma.html |title=A Descendant of Moctezuma at the Battle of Mobile, 1780 |publisher=Book-smith.tripod.com |date=4 January 2001 |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184125/http://book-smith.tripod.com/montezuma.html |archive-date=March 4, 2009 }}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=June 2024}} Other holders of Spanish noble titles that descend from the Aztec emperor include [[José Sarmiento de Valladares, 1st Duke of Atrisco|Dukes of Atrisco]].{{sfn|Chipman|2005}} Researchers believe an additional line of descent exists in Mexico through Ana Francisca de Gabadi y Moctezuma, the wife of [[Basques|Basque]] nobleman, and early colonist and settler in Mexico, Don [[Lope Ruiz de Esparza]]. This Ana Francisca de Gabadi y Moctezuma was the daughter of Martín Navarro and {{Lang|es|doña}} Petronila de Moctezuma, believed by some experts to be a direct lineal descendant of Moctezuma II (documental evidence has not been found yet to support this).<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margo |last=Tamez |date=May 2010 |trans-title=Returning Lipan Apache Women's Laws, Lands, and Power in El Calaboz Rancheria, Texas-Mexico border |title=Nádasi'né' ndé' isdzáné begoz'aahí' shimaa shiní' gokal gową goshjaa ha'áná'idłí texas-nakaiyé godesdzog |language=apw<!--Ndé or Western Apache, see [[Southern Athabaskan languages]]--> |url=https://www.academia.edu/3830250 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Washington State University}}</ref>

Notable descendants from this line include Mexican politicians and philanthropists, Secretary [[Gerardo Ruiz de Esparza]] and Luis Rubén (né Valadez Bourbon) of the influential [[Francisco Macías Valadéz|Macias-Valadez]] in the state of [[Jalisco|Jalisco, Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-08-21 |title=Places in the Diocese of Winchester |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781787441125.020 |journal=The Speculum of Archbishop Thomas Secker |pages=318–320 |doi=10.1017/9781787441125.020|isbn=9781787441125 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defensa de la tesis doctoral de María Teresa de Guadalupe Ruiz Esparza |language=es |publisher=University of Burgos |url=https://www.ubu.es/agenda/defensa-de-la-tesis-doctoral-de-maria-teresa-de-guadalupe-ruiz-esparza |access-date=2023-06-01}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=Are we citing the thesis here or the web page? If the former, use [[Template:Cite thesis]] and cite its title "Una aproximación – desde la historia cultural – a las familias fundadoras de Guadalajara, Nueva Galicia 1542–1600"|date=June 2024}} According to family historian Blanca Barragan Moctezuma, there are between 600 and 700 living descendants of Emperor Moctezuma in Mexico and 350 living in Spain as of 2020. Another notable descendant is [[Esteban Moctezuma|Estaban Moctezuma]], who served as Secretary of Public Education of the Government of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Descendants of Moctezuma: who are they and where do they live today? |website=reporterosf.com |url=https://elreporterosf.com/descendants-of-moctezuma-who-are-they-and-where-do-they-live-today/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Indigenous mythology and folklore===
Many [[indigenous peoples in Mexico]] are reported to worship deities named after the Aztec ruler, and often a part of the myth is that someday the deified Moctezuma shall return to vindicate his people. In Mexico, the contemporary [[Pame people|Pame]]s, [[Otomi people|Otomi]], [[Tepehuán people|Tepehuán]], [[Totonac]], and [[Nahua peoples]] are reported to worship earth deities named after Moctezuma.{{sfn|Gillespie|1989|pp=165–166}} His name also appears in [[Tzotzil people|Tzotzil]] Maya ritual in [[Zinacantán]] where dancers dressed as a rain god are called "Moctezumas".{{sfn|Bricker|1981|pp=138–139}}

[[Hubert Howe Bancroft]], writing in the 19th century (''Native Races'', Volume 3), speculated that the name of the historical Aztec emperor Moctezuma had been used to refer to a combination of different cultural heroes who were united under the name of a particular salient representative of Mesoamerican identity.

===Symbol of indigenous leadership===
As a symbol of resistance against the Spanish, the name of Moctezuma has been invoked in several indigenous rebellions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bevan |first1=Richard |title=10 Facts About Moctezuma II, the Last True Aztec Emperor|url=https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-moctezuma-ii/ |website=HistoryHit |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> One such example was the rebellion of the Virgin Cult in [[Chiapas]] in 1721, where the followers of the Virgin Mary rebelled against the Spanish after having been told by an apparition of the virgin that Moctezuma would be resuscitated to assist them against their Spanish oppressors. In the Quisteil rebellion of the [[Yucatec Maya]] in 1761, the rebel leader [[Jacinto Canek]] reportedly called himself "Little Montezuma".{{sfn|Bricker|1981|p=73}}