Editing Jurassic (section)

=== Insects and arachnids ===
[[File:Lichnomesopsyche daohugouensis.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Lichnomesopsyche|Lichnomesopsyche daohugouensis]]'', an extinct [[Mesopsychidae|mesopsychid]] [[Mecoptera|scorpionfly]] from the Late Jurassic of China]]
There appears to have been no major extinction of insects at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.<ref name="Lucas-2015" /> Many important insect fossil localities are known from the Jurassic of Eurasia, the most important being the [[Karabastau Formation]] of Kazakhstan and the various Yanliao Biota deposits in Inner Mongolia, China, such as the Daohugou Bed, dating to the Callovian–Oxfordian. The diversity of insects stagnated throughout the Early and Middle Jurassic, but during the latter third of the Jurassic origination rates increased substantially while extinction rates remained flat.<ref>{{Citation|last=Labandeira|first=Conrad C.|title=The Fossil History of Insect Diversity|date=2018-05-23 |work=Insect Biodiversity|pages=723–788|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118945582.ch24|isbn=978-1-118-94558-2}}</ref> The increasing diversity of insects in the Middle–Late Jurassic corresponds with a substantial increase in the diversity of [[insect mouthparts]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nel|first1=Patricia|last2=Bertrand|first2=Sylvain|last3=Nel|first3=André|date=December 2018|title=Diversification of insects since the Devonian: a new approach based on morphological disparity of mouthparts|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=3516|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-21938-1|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5824790|pmid=29476087|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.3516N}}</ref> The Middle to Late Jurassic was a time of major diversification for [[beetle]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McKenna|first1=Duane D.|last2=Shin|first2=Seunggwan|last3=Ahrens|first3=Dirk|last4=Balke|first4=Michael|last5=Beza-Beza|first5=Cristian|last6=Clarke|first6=Dave J.|last7=Donath|first7=Alexander|last8=Escalona|first8=Hermes E.|last9=Friedrich|first9=Frank|last10=Letsch|first10=Harald|last11=Liu|first11=Shanlin|date=2019-12-03|title=The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=49|pages=24729–24737|doi=10.1073/pnas.1909655116|issn=0027-8424|pmc=6900523|pmid=31740605|bibcode=2019PNAS..11624729M |doi-access=free}}</ref> particularly for the suborder [[Polyphaga]], which represents 90% of living beetle species but which was rare during the preceding Triassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beutel |first1=Rolf G. |last2=Xu |first2=Chunpeng |last3=Jarzembowski |first3=Edmund |last4=Kundrata |first4=Robin |last5=Boudinot |first5=Brendon E. |last6=McKenna |first6=Duane D. |last7=Goczał |first7=Jakub |date=13 February 2024 |title=The evolutionary history of Coleoptera (Insecta) in the late Palaeozoic and the Mesozoic |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=355–388 |doi=10.1111/syen.12623 |bibcode=2024SysEn..49..355B |issn=0307-6970|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Weevil]]s first appear in the fossil record during the Middle to Late Jurassic, but are suspected to have originated during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Seunggwan|last2=Clarke|first2=Dave J|last3=Lemmon|first3=Alan R|last4=Moriarty Lemmon|first4=Emily|last5=Aitken|first5=Alexander L|last6=Haddad|first6=Stephanie|last7=Farrell|first7=Brian D|last8=Marvaldi|first8=Adriana E|last9=Oberprieler|first9=Rolf G|last10=McKenna|first10=Duane D|date=2018-04-01|title=Phylogenomic Data Yield New and Robust Insights into the Phylogeny and Evolution of Weevils|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/35/4/823/4765916|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=823–836|doi=10.1093/molbev/msx324|issn=0737-4038|pmid=29294021|s2cid=4366092|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/57287|hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Orthoptera]]n diversity had declined during the Late Triassic, but recovered during the Early Jurassic,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Chunpeng |last2=Fang |first2=Yanan |last3=Fang |first3=Yan |last4=Wang |first4=He |last5=Zhou |first5=Qian |last6=Jiang |first6=Xueying |last7=Zhang |first7=Haichun |date=14 February 2024 |title=Early Jurassic orthopteran insects from the southern Junggar Basin, NW China, with discussion of biodiversity changes of Orthoptera across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP538-2021-184 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=538 |issue=1 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.1144/SP538-2021-184 |issn=0305-8719 |access-date=22 June 2024 |via=Lyell Collection Geological Society Publications}}</ref> with the [[Hagloidea]], a superfamily of [[ensifera]]n orthopterans today confined to a few living species, being particularly diverse during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Woodrow |first1=Charlie |last2=Baker |first2=Ed |last3=Jonsson |first3=Thorin |last4=Montealegre-Z |first4=Fernando |date=2022-08-10 |editor-last=Nityananda |editor-first=Vivek |title=Reviving the sound of a 150-year-old insect: The bioacoustics of Prophalangopsis obscura (Ensifera: Hagloidea) |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=e0270498 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0270498 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=9365155 |pmid=35947546|bibcode=2022PLoSO..1770498W }}</ref> The oldest known [[lepidoptera]]ns (the group containing butterflies and moths) are known from the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, with wing scales belonging to the suborder [[Glossata]] and [[Micropterigidae]]-grade moths from the deposits of this age in Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van Eldijk|first1=Timo J. B.|last2=Wappler|first2=Torsten|last3=Strother|first3=Paul K.|last4=van der Weijst|first4=Carolien M. H.|last5=Rajaei|first5=Hossein|last6=Visscher|first6=Henk|last7=van de Schootbrugge|first7=Bas|date=January 2018|title=A Triassic-Jurassic window into the evolution of Lepidoptera|url= |journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e1701568|bibcode=2018SciA....4.1568V|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1701568|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5770165|pmid=29349295}}</ref> Modern representatives of both [[Dragonfly|dragonflies]] and [[Damselfly|damselflies]] also first appeared during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kohli|first1=Manpreet Kaur|last2=Ware|first2=Jessica L.|last3=Bechly|first3=Günter|date=2016|title=How to date a dragonfly: Fossil calibrations for odonates|url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/fc-8|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|volume=19|issue=1|page=576 |doi=10.26879/576|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016PalEl..19..576K }}</ref> Although modern representatives are not known until the Cenozoic, [[ectoparasitic]] insects thought to represent primitive [[flea]]s, belonging to the family [[Pseudopulicidae]], are known from the Middle Jurassic of Asia. These insects are substantially different from modern fleas, lacking the specialised morphology of the latter and being larger.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=DiYing|last2=Engel|first2=Michael S.|last3=Cai|first3=ChenYang|last4=Nel|first4=André|date=May 2013|title=Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=58|issue=14|pages=1682–1690|bibcode=2013ChSBu..58.1682H|doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3|issn=1001-6538|s2cid=53578959|doi-access=free|hdl=1808/14426|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Taiping|last2=Shih|first2=Chungkun|last3=Rasnitsyn|first3=Alexandr P.|last4=Xu|first4=Xing|last5=Wang|first5=Shuo|last6=Ren|first6=Dong|date=July 2013|title=New Transitional Fleas from China Highlighting Diversity of Early Cretaceous Ectoparasitic Insects|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=23|issue=13|pages=1261–1266|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.040|pmid=23810530|s2cid=9646168|doi-access=free|bibcode=2013CBio...23.1261G }}</ref> [[Parasitoid wasp]]s ([[Apocrita]]) first appeared during the Early Jurassic and subsequently became widespread, reshaping terrestrial food webs.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Labandeira|first1=Conrad C.|title=The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution|date=2021|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8_11|work=The Evolution and Fossil Record of Parasitism|volume=49|pages=377–533|editor-last=De Baets|editor-first=Kenneth|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8_11|isbn=978-3-030-42483-1|access-date=2021-12-02|last2=Li|first2=Longfeng|series=Topics in Geobiology |s2cid=236738176|editor2-last=Huntley|editor2-first=John Warren}}</ref> The Jurassic saw also saw the first appearances of several other groups of insects, including [[Phasmatodea]] (stick insects),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Hongru|last2=Shi|first2=Chaofan|last3=Engel|first3=Michael S|last4=Zhao|first4=Zhipeng|last5=Ren|first5=Dong|last6=Gao|first6=Taiping|date=2020-04-02|title=Early specializations for mimicry and defense in a Jurassic stick insect|journal=National Science Review|volume=8|issue=1|language=en|pages=nwaa056|doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaa056|pmid=34691548|pmc=8288419|issn=2095-5138|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Mantophasmatidae]] (gladiators),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Di-ying|last2=Nel|first2=André|last3=Zompro|first3=Oliver|last4=Waller|first4=Alain|date=2008-06-11|title=Mantophasmatodea now in the Jurassic|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5311278|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=95|issue=10|pages=947–952|bibcode=2008NW.....95..947H|doi=10.1007/s00114-008-0412-x|issn=0028-1042|pmid=18545982|s2cid=35408984}}</ref> [[Embioptera]] (webspinners),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Di-Ying|last2=Nel|first2=André|date=August 2009|title=Oldest webspinners from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China (Insecta: Embiodea)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=156|issue=4|pages=889–895|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00499.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Michael S. |last2=Winterton |first2=Shaun L. |last3=Breitkreuz |first3=Laura C.V. |date=2018-01-07 |title=Phylogeny and Evolution of Neuropterida: Where Have Wings of Lace Taken Us? |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=531–551 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127 |pmid=29324039 |issn=0066-4170}}</ref> The earliest [[scale insect]] (Coccomorpha) '''i'''s known from amber dating to the Late Jurassic, though the group probably originated earlier during the Triassic.<ref name="Jankotejacoccidae">{{Cite journal |last1=Vršanský |first1=P. |last2=Sendi |first2=H. |last3=Kotulová |first3=J. |last4=Szwedo |first4=J. |last5=Havelcová |first5=M. |last6=Palková |first6=H. |last7=Vršanská |first7=L. |last8=Sakala |first8=J. |last9=Puškelová |first9=L. |last10=Golej |first10=M. |last11=Biroň |first11=A. |last12=Peyrot |first12=D. |last13=Quicke |first13=D. |last14=Néraudeau |first14=D. |last15=Uher |first15=P. |year=2024 |title=Jurassic Park approached: a coccid from Kimmeridgian cheirolepidiacean Aintourine Lebanese amber |journal=National Science Review |at=nwae200 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwae200 |doi-access=free |last16=Maksoud |first16=S. |last17=Azar |first17=D.|volume=12 |issue=3 |pmid=40070804 |pmc=11895504 }}</ref> 
[[File:Mongolarachne.jpg|thumb|''[[Mongolarachne]]'' from the Late Jurassic of China]]
Only a handful of records of mites are known from the Jurassic, including ''[[Jureremus]]'', an [[Oribatida|oribatid]] mite belonging to the family [[Cymbaeremaeidae]] known from the Late Jurassic of Britain and Russia,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Baker|first2=Anne S.|last3=Phipps|first3=Kenneth J.|date=2008|title=An Oribatid Mite (arachnida: Acari) from the Oxford Clay (jurassic: Upper Callovian) of South Cave Station Quarry, Yorkshire, Uk|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00769.x|journal=Palaeontology|language=en|volume=51|issue=3|pages=623–633|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00769.x|bibcode=2008Palgy..51..623S |issn=1475-4983|hdl=1808/8353|s2cid=54046836 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and a member of the still living orbatid genus ''[[Hydrozetes]]'' from the Early Jurassic of Sweden.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sivhed|first1=Ulf|last2=Wallwork|first2=John A.|date=March 1978|title=An Early Jurassic oribatid mite from southern Sweden|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11035897809448562|journal=Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar|language=en|volume=100|issue=1|pages=65–70|doi=10.1080/11035897809448562|issn=0016-786X}}</ref> Spiders diversified through the Jurassic.<ref name="Magalhaes-2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Magalhaes|first1=Ivan L. F.|last2=Azevedo|first2=Guilherme H. F.|last3=Michalik|first3=Peter|last4=Ramírez|first4=Martín J.|date=February 2020|title=The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12559|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=95|issue=1|pages=184–217|doi=10.1111/brv.12559|issn=1464-7931|pmid=31713947|s2cid=207937170}}</ref> The Early Jurassic ''[[Seppo koponeni]]'' may represent a stem group to [[Palpimanoidea]].<ref name="Seppo">{{cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=Paul A.|last2=Dunlop|first2=Jason A.|year=2014|title=The first fossil spider (Araneae: Palpimanoidea) from the Lower Jurassic (Grimmen, Germany)|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3894|issue=1|pages=161–168|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3894.1.13|pmid=25544628}}</ref> ''[[Eoplectreurys]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of China is considered a stem lineage of [[Synspermiata]]. The oldest member of the family [[Archaeidae]], ''[[Patarchaea]]'', is known from the Middle Jurassic of China.<ref name="Magalhaes-2020" /> ''[[Mongolarachne]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of China is among the largest known fossil spiders, with legs over 5 centimetres long.<ref name="Selden2013">{{cite journal|last1=Selden|first1=P. A.|last2=Shih|first2=C.K.|last3=Ren|first3=D.|year=2013|title=A giant spider from the Jurassic of China reveals greater diversity of the orbicularian stem group|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=100|issue=12|pages=1171–1181|bibcode=2013NW....100.1171S|doi=10.1007/s00114-013-1121-7|pmc=3889289|pmid=24317464}}</ref> The only scorpion known from the Jurassic is ''[[Liassoscorpionides]]'' from the Early Jurassic of Germany, of uncertain placement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunlop|first1=Jason A.|last2=Kamenz|first2=Carsten|last3=Scholtz|first3=Gerhard|date=June 2007|title=Reinterpreting the morphology of the Jurassic scorpion Liassoscorpionides|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1467803906000673|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=245–252|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2006.09.003|pmid=18089103|bibcode=2007ArtSD..36..245D }}</ref> [[Eupnoi]] harvestmen ([[Opiliones]]) are known from the Middle Jurassic of China, including members of the family [[Sclerosomatidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Diying|last2=Selden|first2=Paul A.|last3=Dunlop|first3=Jason A.|date=August 2009|title=Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-009-0556-3|journal=Naturwissenschaften|language=en|volume=96|issue=8|pages=955–962|bibcode=2009NW.....96..955H|doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0556-3|issn=0028-1042|pmid=19495718|s2cid=9570512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giribet|first1=Gonzalo|last2=Tourinho|first2=Ana Lúcia|last3=Shih|first3=ChungKun|last4=Ren|first4=Dong|date=March 2012|title=An exquisitely preserved harvestman (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13127-011-0067-x|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=51–56|doi=10.1007/s13127-011-0067-x|bibcode=2012ODivE..12...51G |issn=1439-6092|s2cid=15658216}}</ref>