Editing History of Islam (section)

== Modern period ==
{{quote box
| width = 25%
| quote = "Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason."
| source = —[[Ibrahim Muteferrika]], ''Rational basis for the Politics of Nations'' (1731)
}}

The modern age brought technological and organizational changes to Europe while the Islamic region continued the patterns of earlier centuries. The European [[great power]]s globalized economically and colonized much of the region.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Ottoman Empire partition ===
{{Main|Partition of the Ottoman Empire}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S29571, Türkei, Dardanellen, MG-Stellung.jpg|thumb|Ottoman army in World War I]] 
By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back [[Germany]] in [[World War I]] meant they shared the [[Central Powers]]' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]: [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]], who became known to his people as Atatürk, "Father of the Turks." Atatürk was credited with renegotiating the [[treaty of Sèvres]] (1920) which ended Turkey's involvement in the war and establishing the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], which was recognized by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]]. Atatürk went on to implement an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and [[secular]]ization. He transformed Turkish culture to reflect European laws, adopted [[Arabic numerals]], the [[Latin script]], separated the religious establishment from the state, and emancipated woman—even giving them the right to vote in parallel with [[women's suffrage]] in the west.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=961, 969}}</ref>

During the First World War, the Allies cooperated with Arab partisans against the Ottoman Empire, both groups being united in opposition to a common enemy. The most prominent example of this was during the [[Arab Revolt]], when the British, led by secret intelligence agent [[T. E. Lawrence]]—better known as "Lawrence of Arabia" cooperated with Arab [[Guerilla warfare|guerillas]] against the Ottoman forces, eventually securing the withdrawal of all Ottoman troops from the region by 1918. Following the end of the war, the vast majority of former Ottoman territory outside of Asia Minor was handed over to the victorious European powers as [[protectorate]]s. However, many Arabs were left dismayed by the [[Balfour Declaration]], which directly contradicted the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]] publicized only a year earlier.<ref>{{harvnb|Bentley|Ziegler|2006|pp=971–72}}</ref> Ottoman successor states include today's [[Albania]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], Egypt, Greece, Iraq, [[Israel]], Lebanon, [[Romania]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Serbia]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], Turkey, Balkan states, North Africa and the north shore of the [[Black Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|McNeill|Bentley|Christian|2005|p=1402}}</ref>

Many Muslim countries sought to adopt European political organization and [[nationalism]] began to emerge in the Muslim world. Countries like Egypt, Syria and Turkey organized their governments and sought to develop national pride among their citizens. Other places, like Iraq, were not as successful due to a lack of unity and an inability to resolve age-old prejudices between Muslim sects and against non-Muslims.

Some Muslim countries, such as Turkey and Egypt, sought to separate Islam from the secular government. In other cases, such as Saudi Arabia, the government brought out religious expression in the re-emergence of the puritanical form of Sunni Islam known to its detractors as [[Wahabism]], which found its way into the [[Saudi royal family]].
{{See also|Ottoman Caliphate|Turkish War of Independence}}

===Arab–Israeli conflict===
{{Main|Arab–Israeli conflict}}

The Arab–Israeli conflict spans about a century of political tensions and open hostilities. It involves the establishment of the modern [[Israel|State of Israel]] as a [[Jews|Jewish]] [[nation state]], the consequent [[1948 Palestinian exodus|displacement]] of the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]], as well as the adverse relationship between the [[Arab world]] and the State of Israel (''see'': [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]). Despite at first involving only the Arab states bordering Israel, animosity has also developed between Israel and other predominantly [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]].

The [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|State of Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948]] as a polity to serve as the [[homeland for the Jewish people]]. It was also defined in its declaration of independence as a "[[Jewish state]]", a term that also appeared in the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|United Nations Partition Plan for British Palestine]] in 1947. The related term of "[[Jewish and democratic state]]" dates from a 1992 legislation by Israel's [[Knesset]].

The [[Six-Day War]] of 5–10 June 1967, was fought between [[Israel]] and the neighbouring states of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. The Arab countries closed the [[Suez Canal]] and it was followed in May 1970 by the closure of the "tapline" from [[Saudi Arabia]] through Syria to [[Lebanon]]. These developments had the effect of increasing the importance of [[petroleum]] in [[Libya]], which is a short (and canal-free) shipping distance from Europe. In 1970, [[Occidental Petroleum]] broke with other oil companies and accepted the Arab demands for price increases.

In October 1973, a new war between Israel and its Muslim neighbours, known as the [[Yom Kippur War]], broke out just as the oil companies began meeting with the [[Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OAPEC). Its leaders had been emboldened by the success of [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat's campaigns]] and the war strengthened their unity. In response to the emergency resupply effort by the [[Western Bloc]] that enabled Israel to put up a resistance against the Egyptian and Syrian forces, the Arab world imposed the [[1973 oil embargo]] against the United States and Western Europe. Faisal agreed that Saudi Arabia would use some of its oil wealth to finance the "front-line states", those that bordered Israel, in their struggle. The centrality of petroleum, the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], political and economic instability, and uncertainty about the future remain constant features of the politics of the region.

Many countries, individuals, and [[non-governmental organizations]] elsewhere in the world feel involved in this conflict for reasons such as cultural and religious ties with Islam, [[Arab culture]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]], [[Jewish culture]], or for ideological, [[human rights]], or strategic reasons. Although some consider the Arab–Israeli conflict a part of (or a precursor to) a wider [[clash of civilizations]] between the [[Western world]] and the [[Muslim world]],<ref>Causes of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: a Socio-Political perspective [http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2003/12/abdallah.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803040848/http://www.rubincenter.org/meria/2003/12/abdallah.pdf|date=3 August 2018}} by Abdel Mahdi Abdallah (MERIA Journal). Volume 7, No. 4. December 2003</ref><ref>[https://www.science.co.il/Arab-Israeli-conflict/Arab-islamic-empire.php Arab-Israeli Conflict: Role of religion] (Israel Science and Technology)</ref> others oppose this view.<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1050 Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809212404/http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=1050 |date=9 August 2007 }}</ref> Animosity emanating from this conflict has caused numerous attacks on supporters (or perceived supporters) of each side by supporters of the other side in many countries around the world.

=== Other Islamic affairs ===
{{multiple image|header_background = #f8eaba
| header = Modern Islamic world
| image1 = Islam by country.png|width1=340
| caption1 = Islam in the modern world
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{unbulleted list
|{{colour box|#036704}}{{colour box|#4b934a}}{{colour box|#80b281}} [[Sunni]] Islam
|{{colour box|#741a19}}{{colour box|#924c4c}}{{colour box|#b17f7e}} [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Islam
|{{colour box|#32347e}} [[Ibadi]] Islam
}}{{div col end}}}}

In 1979 the [[Iranian revolution]] transformed [[Iran]] from a constitutional monarchy to a [[Populism|populist]] [[theocracy|theocratic]] [[Islamic republic]] under the rule of [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], a Shi'i Muslim cleric and ''[[Marja'|marja]]''. Following the Revolution, a new constitution was approved and a referendum established the government, electing Ruhollah Khomeini as [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]]. During the following two years, liberals, leftists, and Islamic groups fought each other, and the Islamics captured power.

The development of the two opposite fringes, the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam]], the Twelver Shia version, and its reinforcement by the [[Iranian revolution]] and the [[Salafi]] in Saudi Arabia, coupled with the [[Iran–Saudi Arabia relations]] resulted in these governments using sectarian conflict to enhance their political interests.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Heather S. Gregg|author2=Hy S. Rothstein|author3=John Arquilla|title=The Three Circles of War: Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict in Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqRgDU1kKi0C&pg=PA66|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-499-8|page=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Said Amir Arjomand|title=After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx9Tdoz6axoC&pg=PA195|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974576-0|page=195}}</ref> Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait (despite being hostile to Iraq) encouraged [[Saddam Hussein]] to invade Iran,<ref>Farrokh, Kaveh. ''Iran at War: 1500–1988''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-78096-221-4}}.</ref> which resulted in the [[Iran–Iraq War]], as they feared that an Islamic revolution would take place within their own borders. Certain Iranian exiles also helped convince Saddam that if he invaded, the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse.