Editing Andalusia (section)

==Art and culture==
[[File:FlamencoSevilla.jpg|thumb|right|[[Flamenco]] dance and music is native to Andalusia.]]

The patrimony of Andalusia has been shaped by its particular history and geography, as well as its complex flows of population. Andalusia has been home to a succession of peoples and civilizations, many very different from one another, each impacting the settled inhabitants. The ancient [[Iberians]] were followed by [[Celts]], [[Phoenicia]]ns and other Eastern Mediterranean traders, [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Migration Period|migrating Germanic tribes]], [[Arab-Berber|Arabs or Berbers]]. All have shaped the Spanish patrimony in Andalusia, which was already diffused widely in the literary and pictorial genre of the ''[[costumbrismo andaluz]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siguan, M. |title=Nueva teoría de Andalucía |year=1969 |journal=Revista de Estudios Agrosociales |number=69 |issn=0034-8155 |pages=7–24 |language=es |hdl=2445/21886}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gómez, P. |title=Cuestiones sobre la identidad cultural de Andalucía |year=1982 |journal=Gazeta de antropología |number=1 |issn=0214-7564 |language=es}}</ref>

In the 19th century, Andalusian culture came to be widely viewed as the Spanish culture ''par excellence'', in part thanks to the perceptions of [[romanticism|romantic]] travellers. In the words of [[José Ortega y Gasset|Ortega y Gasset]]:

{{Blockquote|Andalusia, which has never shown the swagger nor petulancy of particularism; that has never pretended to the status of a State apart, is, of all the Spanish regions, the one that possesses a culture most radically its own. Throughout the 19th century, Spain has submitted itself to the hegemonic influence of Andalusia. That century began with the [[Cortes of Cádiz]]; it ended with the assassination of [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo|Cánovas del Castillo]], ''malagueño'' [from Málaga], and the exaltation of [[Francisco Silvela|Silvela]], no less ''malagueño''. The dominant ideas have an Andalusian accent. One paints Andalusia: a roof-terrace, some flowerpots, blue sky. One reads southern authors. One speaks at all times of the "land of the Most Holy Virgin Mary". The thief from the Sierra Morena and the smuggler are national heroes. All Spain feels its existence justified by the honor of having on its flanks the Andalusian piece of the planet. Around 1900, like so many other things, this changes. The North sits up.<ref>José Ortega y Gasset, [http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa_%28versi%C3%B3n_para_imprimir%29 ''Teoría de Andalucía''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519152155/http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa_%28versi%C3%B3n_para_imprimir%29 |date=19 May 2011 }}, 1927, online at Wikisource in Spanish.</ref>|Ortega y Gasset, ''Teoría de Andalucía'', 1927}}

===Arts===
[[File:Guitarra d'Antonio de Torres, MDMB 626, al Museu de la Música de Barcelona.jpg|thumb|130px|Andalusian [[Antonio de Torres Jurado]] in the 19th century invented the current [[classical guitar]].]]
Andalusia has been the birthplace of many great artists: the classic painters [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], and [[Juan de Valdés Leal]]; the sculptors [[Juan Martínez Montañés]], [[Alonso Cano]] and [[Pedro de Mena]]; and such modern painters as [[Daniel Vázquez Díaz]] and [[Pablo Picasso]].

The Spanish composer [[Manuel de Falla]] was from Cádiz and incorporated typical Andalusian melodies in his works, as did [[Joaquín Turina]], from Seville. The great singer [[Camarón de la Isla]] was born in [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], and [[Andrés Segovia]] who helped shape the romantic-modernist approach to [[classical guitar]], was born in [[Linares, Jaén]]. The virtuoso Flamenco guitar player [[Paco de Lucia]] who helped internationalize Flamenco, was born in Algeciras, Cadiz.

====Architecture====
[[File:Alhambra Löwenhof mit Löwenbrunnen 2014.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Alhambra]] in [[Granada]].]]
Since the [[Neolithic]] era, Andalusia has preserved important [[megalith]]s, such as the [[dolmen]]s at the [[Cueva de Menga]] and the [[Dolmen de Viera]], both at [[Antequera]]. Archeologists have found [[Bronze Age]] cities at [[Los Millares]] and [[El Argar]]. Archeological digs at Doña Blanca in [[El Puerto de Santa María]] have revealed the oldest [[Phoenicia]]ns city in the Iberian peninsula; major ruins have also been revealed at Roman [[Italica]] near Seville.<ref>{{cite journal |author=AA.VV |title=Reflexiones acerca de las actuaciones llevadas a cabo en la sede administrativa y accesos del Conjunto Arqueológico de Itálica |year=2004 |journal=Mus-A: Revista de los museos de Andalucía |number=3 |issn=1695-7229 |pages=132–137 |url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/museos/media/docs/PORTAL_musa_n3.pdf |language=es}}</ref>

Some of the greatest architecture in Andalusia was developed across several centuries and civilizations, and the region is particularly famous for its Islamic and Moorish architecture, which includes the [[Alhambra|Alhambra complex]], [[Generalife]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=164 |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130754/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Architecture%20of%20the%20Islamic%20West%3A%20North%20Africa%20and%20the%20Iberian%20Peninsula%2C%20700-1800&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba.]] 
[[File:Patio cordobés (7155649863).jpg|thumb|A ''patio andaluz'' in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].]]
The traditional architecture of Andalusia retains its [[Architecture of ancient Rome|Roman]] with Arab influences brought by [[Islamic architecture|Muslims]], with a marked Mediterranean character strongly conditioned by the climate. Traditional urban houses are constructed with shared walls to minimize exposure to high exterior temperatures. Solid exterior walls are [[Whitewash|painted]] with [[Lime (material)|lime]] to minimize the heating effects of the sun. In accord with the climate and tradition of each area, the roofs may be [[Terrace (building)|terraces]] or tiled in the Roman [[imbrex and tegula]] style. One of the most characteristic elements (and one of the most obviously influenced by Roman architecture) is the interior [[patio]] or [[courtyard]]; the patios of Córdoba are particularly famous. Other characteristic elements are decorative (and functional) [[wrought iron]] [[grating]]s and the [[tile]]s known as ''[[azulejo]]s''. Landscaping—both for common private homes and homes on a more lavish scale—also carries on older traditions, with plants, flowers, and fountains, pools, and streams of water. Beyond these general elements, there are also specific local architectural styles, such as the [[flat roof]]s, roofed chimneys, and radically extended [[Balcony|balconies]] of the [[Alpujarra]], the cave dwellings of [[Guadix]] and of Granada's [[Sacromonte]], or the traditional architecture of the [[Mancomunidad de Municipios Marquesado del Zenete|Marquisate of Zenete]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=López, J. |author2=López J.S. |title=Arquitectura tradicional en el Marquesado del Zenete |year=2000 |journal=Gazeta de antropología |number=16 |issn=0214-7564 |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G16_24JuanSalvador_Lopez-Jaime_Lopez.html |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:PLAZA E IGLESIA DE UBEDA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Church of El Salvador in [[Úbeda]].]]The monumental architecture of the centuries immediately after the Reconquista often displayed an assertion of Christian hegemony through architecture that referenced non-Arab influences.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} Some of the greatest [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] buildings in Andalusia are from the [[Kingdom of Jaén|then-kingdom of Jaén]]: the [[Jaén Cathedral]], designed in part by [[Andrés de Vandelvira]], served as a model for the [[Cathedral of Malaga]] and [[Cathedral of Guadix|Guadix]];{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} the centers of [[Úbeda]] and [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]], dating largely from this era, are UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s. Seville and its kingdom also figured prominently in this era, as is shown by the [[Casa consistorial de Sevilla]], the [[Hospital de las Cinco Llagas]], or the [[Charterhouse of Jerez de la Frontera]]. The [[Palace of Charles V]] in Granada is uniquely important for its [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] purism.<ref>{{cite journal |author=García Vázquez, C. |title=Apuntes para una breve historia de la arquitectura moderna en Andalucía |year=2005 |journal=Revista de historia y teoría de la arquitectura |number=6–7 |issn=1576-5628 |pages=119–138 |language=es}}</ref> Andalusia also has such [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]-era buildings as the [[Palace of San Telmo]] in Seville (seat of the current autonomic presidency), the [[Church of Our Lady of Reposo]] in [[Campillos]], and the [[Granada Charterhouse]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Galera, P.A. |chapter=Arquitectura y ciudad en la Andalucía del barroco |title=Andalucía Barroca: exposición itinerante |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-8266-725-6 |pages=62–81 |publisher=Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura |language=es}}</ref> [[Academic art|Academicism]] gave the region the [[Royal Tobacco Factory]] in Seville and [[Neoclassicism]] the nucleus of Cádiz, such as its {{ill|City Hall of Cádiz|lt=city hall|es|Ayuntamiento de Cádiz}}, [[Cárcel Real (Cádiz)|Royal Prison]], and the [[Oratorio de la Santa Cueva]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

[[Revivalism (architecture)|Revivalist]] architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed the buildings of the [[Ibero-American Exposition of 1929]] in Seville, including the [[Neo-Mudéjar]] [[Plaza de España (Seville)|Plaza de España]]. Andalusia also preserves an important industrial patrimony related to various economic activities.

Besides the architecture of the cities, there is also much outstanding rural architecture: houses, as well as ranch and farm buildings and [[dog house]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Torices, N. |author2=Zurita, E. |title=Cortijos, haciendas y lagares: arquitectura de las grandes explotaciones agrarias de Andalucía. Provincia de Granada |year=2002 |publisher=Ediciones Ilustres |location=Córdoba |isbn=84-8095-305-5 |language=es}}</ref>

====Sculpture====
[[File:Entierro cristo museo sevilla.jpg|thumb|''Crying Over the Dead Christ'', {{ill|Pedro Millán|es}}, [[Museum of Fine Arts of Seville]].]]

The [[Iberian sculpture|Iberian reliefs]] of [[Osuna]], [[Lady of Baza]], and {{ill|León de Bujalance|ca|Lleona de Bujalance|es|Leona de Bujalance}}, the Phoenician [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] of Cádiz, and the [[Roman sculpture]]s of the [[Baetica|Baetic]] cities such as [[Italica]] give evidence of traditions of sculpture in Andalusia dating back to antiquity.<ref>{{cite book |author=VV.AA. |title=Escultura ibérica en el Museo Provincial de Jaén |year=1990 |publisher=Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía |isbn=84-86944-04-X |language=es}}</ref> There are few significant surviving sculptures from the time of [[al-Andalus]]; two notable exceptions are the lions of the Alhambra and of the [[Maristan of Granada|Maristán of Granada]] (the [[Nasrid]] hospital in the Albaicín).

The [[Sevillian school of sculpture]] dating from the 13th century onward and the [[Granadan school of sculpture|Granadan school]] beginning toward the end of the 16th century both focused primarily on Christian religious subject matter, including many wooden [[altarpiece]]s. Notable sculptors in these traditions include [[Lorenzo Mercadante de Bretaña]], {{ill|Pedro Millán|es}}, [[Juan Martínez Montañés]], [[Pedro Roldán]], {{ill|José de Arce|es}}, [[Jerónimo de Balbás|Jerónimo Balbás]], [[Alonso Cano]], and [[Pedro de Mena]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aroca, F. |title=Aportaciones al estudio del retablo del siglo XVIII en la Baja Andalucía |year=1997 |journal=Laboratorio de Arte: Revista del Departamento de Historia del Arte |number=10 |issn=1130-5762 |pages=233–250 |language=es}}</ref>

Non-religious sculpture has also existed in Andalusia since antiquity. A fine example from the Renaissance era is the decoration of the [[Casa de Pilatos]] in Seville. Nonetheless, non-religious sculpture played a relatively minor role until such 19th-century sculptors as {{ill|Antonio Susillo|es}}.

====Painting====
{{multiple image
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|width1=199|height1=247|image1=Pablo picasso 1.jpg|caption1=[[Pablo Picasso]]
|width2=2344|height2=2936|image2=La Fuensanta, by Julio Romero de Torres.jpg|caption2=''[[La Fuensanta]]'', considered a quintessential rendition of Andalusian beauty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/0x0x138022/AB5F2632-1918-400C-9867-A1295652005F/138022.pdf |title=Iconic Cultural Image Heads Selection of Works by Top Spanish Artists |publisher=[[Sotheby's]] |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051734/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/0x0x138022/AB5F2632-1918-400C-9867-A1295652005F/138022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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As in sculpture, there were {{ill|Sevillian school of painting|lt=Sevillian|es|Escuela sevillana de pintura}} and the {{ill|Granadan school of painting|lt=Granadan|es|Escuela granadina de pintura}} schools of painting. The former has figured prominently in the history of Spanish art since the 15th century and includes such important artists as [[Francisco Zurbarán|Zurbarán]], [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]] and [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], as well as art theorists such as [[Francisco Pacheco]]. The [[Museum of Fine Arts of Seville]] and the [[Museo del Prado|Prado]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bermejo, E. |author2=Valdivieso, E. |title=Historia de la pintura sevillana, siglos XIII al XX. Sevilla, 1986 (Book Review) |year=1988 |journal=Archivo español de arte |volume=61 |number=241 |issn=0004-0428 |pages=89–90 |language=es}}</ref> contain numerous representative works of the Sevillian school of painting.

A specific [[Romanticism|romantic]] genre known as ''[[costumbrismo andaluz]]'' depicts traditional and folkloric Andalusian subjects, such as bullfighting scenes, dogs, and scenes from Andalusia's history. Important artists in this genre include [[Manuel Barrón]], [[José García Ramos]], [[Gonzalo Bilbao]] and [[Julio Romero de Torres]]. The genre is well represented in the private [[Carmen Cervera|Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection]], part of which is on display at Madrid's [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] and [[Carmen Thyssen Museum]] in Málaga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/romanticismo/actas_pdf/romanticismo_6/reina.pdf |title=El costumbrismo en la pintura sevillana del siglo XIX |access-date=9 October 2008 |work=Cervantesvirtual.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916013953/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/romanticismo/actas_pdf/romanticismo_6/reina.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Málaga also has been and is an important artistic center. Its most illustrious representative was [[Pablo Picasso]], one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. The city has a [[Museo Picasso Málaga|Museum]] and [[Fundación Picasso|Natal House Foundation]], dedicated to the painter.

===Literature and philosophy===
[[File:Antonio de Nebrija (1492) Gramática castellana.png|thumb|left|upright|The 1492 ''Gramática'' by [[Antonio de Nebrija]]]]

Andalusia plays a significant role in the history of Spanish-language literature, although not all of the important literature associated with Andalusia was written in Spanish. Before 1492, there was the literature written in [[Andalusian Arabic]]. Hispano-Arabic authors native to the region include [[Ibn Hazm]], [[Ibn Zaydún]], [[Ibn Tufail]], [[Al-Mu'tamid]], [[Ibn al-Khatib]], [[Ibn al-Yayyab]], and [[Ibn Zamrak]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Garulo, T. |author2=Rubiera Mata M.ªJ. |title=Literatura hispanoárabe (Book Review) |year=1993 |journal=Al-Qantara |volume=14 |number=1 |issn=0211-3589 |pages=245–248}}</ref> or Andalusian Hebrew poets as [[Solomon ibn Gabirol]]. [[Ibn Quzman]], of the 12th century, crafted poems in the colloquial Andalusian language.<ref name="Robinson263">{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109 |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435109/page/263 263] |isbn=0-521-66993-6}}</ref>

In 1492 [[Antonio de Nebrija]] published his celebrated ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'' ("Grammar of the Castilian language"), the first such work for a modern European language. In 1528 [[Francisco Delicado]] wrote ''[[Portrait of Lozana: The Lusty Andalusian Woman|La lozana andaluza]]'', a novel in the orbit of ''[[La Celestina]]'', and in 1599 the Sevillian [[Mateo Alemán]] wrote the first part of ''[[Guzmán de Alfarache]]'', the first [[picaresque novel]] with a known author.

The prominent [[humanism|humanist]] literary school of Seville included such writers as [[Juan de Mal Lara]], [[Fernando de Herrera]], [[Gutierre de Cetina]], [[Luis Barahona de Soto]], [[Juan de la Cueva]], [[Gonzalo Argote de Molina]], and [[Rodrigo Caro]]. The Córdoban [[Luis de Góngora]] was the greatest exponent of the ''[[culteranismo]]'' of [[Baroque]] poetry in the [[Siglo de Oro]];<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hernández, A. |title=Las dos vertientes del barroco español |year=2004 |journal=Correo del Maestro |volume=8 |number=92 |url=http://www.correodelmaestro.com/anteriores/2004/enero/artistas92.htm |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221031820/http://www.correodelmaestro.com/anteriores/2004/enero/artistas92.htm |archive-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> indeed, the style is often referred to as ''Góngorismo''.

Literary Romanticism in Spain had one of its great centers in Andalusia, with such authors as [[Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas]], [[José Cadalso]] and [[Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer]]. ''Costumbrismo andaluz'' existed in literature as much as in visual art, with notable examples being the ''Escenas andaluzas'' of [[Serafín Estébanez Calderón]] and the works of [[Pedro Antonio de Alarcón]].

Andalusian authors [[Ángel Ganivet]], [[Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez|Manuel Gómez-Moreno]], [[Manuel Machado (poet)|Manuel]] and [[Antonio Machado]], and [[Francisco Villaespesa]] are all generally counted in the [[Generation of '98]]. Also of this generation were the [[Quintero brothers]], dramatists who faithfully captured [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian dialects]] and idiosyncrasies. Also of note, 1956 [[Nobel Prize]]-winning poet [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]] was a native of [[Moguer]], near Huelva.

[[File:Federico García Lorca. Huerta de San Vicente, Granada.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Federico García Lorca]], prominent poet executed by Francoists during the [[Spanish Civil War]].]]
A large portion of the ''[[avant-garde]]'' [[Generation of '27]] who gathered at the [[Ateneo de Sevilla]] on the 300th anniversary of Góngora's death were Andalusians: [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Luis Cernuda]], [[Rafael Alberti]], [[Manuel Altolaguirre]], [[Emilio Prados]], and 1977 Nobel laureate [[Vicente Aleixandre]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=De Cózar, R. |title=Andalucía y la generación del 27 |year=1993 |journal=Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos |number=514–515 |issn=0011-250X |pages=319–320 |language=es}}</ref>

Certain Andalusian fictional characters have become universal archetypes: [[Prosper Mérimée]]'s gypsy ''Carmen'', [[P. D. Eastman]]'s ''Perro'', [[Pierre Beaumarchais]]'s ''Fígaro'', and [[Tirso de Molina]]'s ''Don Juan''.

As in most regions of Spain, the principal form of popular verse is the [[romance (meter)|romance]], although there are also [[strophe]]s specific to Andalusia, such as the ''[[soleá]]'' or the ''{{ill|soleariya|es||it}}''. Ballads, lullabies, street vendor's cries, nursery rhymes, and work songs are plentiful.

Among the philosophers native to the region can be counted [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], [[Solomon ibn Gabirol|Avicebron]], [[Maimonides]], [[Averroes]], [[Fernán Pérez de Oliva]], [[Sebastián Fox Morcillo]], [[Ángel Ganivet]], [[Francisco Giner de los Ríos]] and [[María Zambrano]].

===Music of Andalusia===
{{Main|Music of Andalusia}}
{{See also|Music of Spain}}
[[File:Baile andaluz 1893 José Villegas Cordero.jpg|thumb|320px|''Flamenco, Andalusian dance'', 1893, by [[José Villegas Cordero]].]]

The music of Andalusia includes traditional and contemporary music, folk and composed music, and ranges from [[flamenco]] to [[rock music|rock]]. Conversely, certain metric, melodic and harmonic characteristics are considered Andalusian even when written or performed by musicians from elsewhere.

Flamenco, perhaps the most characteristically Andalusian genre of music and dance, originated in the 18th century, but is based in earlier forms from the region. The influence of the traditional music and dance of the [[Gitanos|Romani people]] or Gypsies is particularly clear. The genre embraces distinct vocal (''[[cante flamenco]]''), guitar (''[[toque flamenco]]''), and dance (''[[baile flamenco]]'') styles.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bäcker, Rolf |title=Lo decisivo fue la mezcla: y esa mezcla sólo ocurrió en Andalucía. Algunas reflexiones acerca de la identidad andaluza en el discurso flamencológico |year=2005 |journal=Nassarre: Revista aragonesa de musicología |volume=21 |number=1 |issn=0213-7305 |pages=109–120 |url=http://www.dpz.es/ifc2/libros/ebook2572.pdf |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006070546/http://www.dpz.es/ifc2/libros/ebook2572.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref>

The Andalusian Statute of Autonomy reflects the cultural importance of flamenco in its Articles 37.1.18 and 68:

{{Blockquote|Guiding principles of public policy: 18th The preservation and enhancement of the cultural, historic and artistic heritage of Andalusia, especially flamenco.<ref>From Article 37.1.18 of the Andalusian Statute of Autonomy: ''Principios rectores de las políticas públicas: 18º La conservación y puesta en valor del patrimonio cultural, histórico y artístico de Andalucía, especialmente del flamenco.''</ref>}}

{{Blockquote|Also within the Autonomous Community (of Andalucia) is the exclusive competence in knowledge, conservation, research, training, promotion and dissemination of flamenco as a unique element of the Andalusian cultural heritage.<ref>From Article 68 of the Andalusian Statute of Autonomy: ''Corresponde asimismo a la Comunidad Autónoma (Andaluza) la competencia exclusiva en materia de conocimiento, conservación, investigación, formación, promoción y difusión del flamenco como elemento singular del patrimonio cultural andaluz.''</ref>}}
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| footer = [[Andrés Segovia]] (left), the musician who introduced the modern [[classical guitar]] to large audiences; Andalusian [[José María Ventura Casas]] (right) is regarded as the father of the modern Catalan [[sardana]].
}}
Fundamental in the history of Andalusian music are the composers [[Cristóbal de Morales]], [[Francisco Guerrero (composer)|Francisco Guerrero]], [[Francisco Correa de Arauxo]], [[Manuel del Pópulo Vicente García|Manuel García]], [[Manuel de Falla]], [[Joaquín Turina]], and {{ill|Manuel Castillo|da|Manuel Castillo|es|Manuel Castillo}}, as well as one of the fathers of modern [[classical guitar]], the guitarist [[Andrés Segovia]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih4tDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587 |title=The Rough Guide to Andalucia |last=Guides |first=Rough |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=9780241217481 |language=en |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130838/https://books.google.com/books?id=ih4tDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA587#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Mention should also be made of the great folk artists of the ''[[copla (music)]]'' and the ''[[cante hondo]]'', such as [[Rocío Jurado]], [[Lola Flores]] (''La Faraona'', "the [[pharaoh]]"), [[Juanito Valderrama]] and the revolutionary [[Camarón de la Isla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flamenco-world.com/tienda/autor/camaron-de-la-isla/13/ |title=Camarón de la Isla |access-date=10 June 2008 |author=Ferca Network |publisher=Zerobox |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123035752/http://www.flamenco-world.com/tienda/autor/camaron-de-la-isla/13/ |archive-date=23 November 2008}}</ref>

Prominent Andalusian rock groups include [[Triana (band)|Triana]] and [[Medina Azahara (band)|Medina Azahara]]. The duo [[Los del Río]] from [[Dos Hermanas]] had international success with their "[[Macarena (song)|Macarena]]", including playing at a [[Super Bowl]] half-time show in the United States, where their song has also been used as campaign music by the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antonioburgos.com/sevilla/sevillanos/1999/04/se042599.html |title=Los del Río, o cómo hacerse perdonar el éxito |access-date=10 May 2008 |author=Antonio Burgos |year=1998 |work=S.L. Sevilla, España |publisher=Arco del Postigo |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522051452/http://www.antonioburgos.com/sevilla/sevillanos/1999/04/se042599.html |archive-date=22 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other notables include the singer, songwriter, and poet [[Joaquín Sabina]], [[Isabel Pantoja]], [[Rosa López]], who represented Spain at [[Eurovision]] in 2002, and [[David Bisbal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formulatv.com/1,20080629,8029,1.html |title=Rosa López volverá a representarnos en Eurovisión |access-date=10 June 2008 |date=29 June 2008 |work=FórmulaTV.com |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702022349/http://www.formulatv.com/1%2C20080629%2C8029%2C1.html |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valemusic.com/noticia.php?id=491 |title=David Bisbal recibe 5 discos de platino en España y un disco de oro en USA y Puerto Rico |access-date=10 June 2008 |year=2008 |work=Vale Music |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028024000/http://www.valemusic.com/noticia.php?id=491 |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>

On 16 November 2023, [[Seville]] will host the [[24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards]] at the [[FIBES Conference and Exhibition Centre]], making Seville the first city outside of the [[United States]] to host the [[Latin Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/seville-spain-cf8138523aa769cc6bbde83acdd80ee4 |title=Latin Grammys to be held in Spain, leaving US for 1st time |website=[[Associated Press News]] |date=22 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223050020/https://apnews.com/article/seville-spain-cf8138523aa769cc6bbde83acdd80ee4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Film===
[[File:Alberto San Juan en el Festival de Málaga 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Málaga Film Festival]]]]

The portrayal of Andalusia in film is often reduced to archetypes: flamenco, [[Spanish-style bullfighting|bullfighting]], Catholic pageantry, [[outlaw|brigands]], the property-rich and cash-poor ''señorito andaluz'' and emigrants. These images particularly predominated from the 1920s through the 1960s, and helped to consolidate a clichéd image of the region. In a very different vein, the province of Almería was the filming location for many [[Western (genre)|Westerns]], especially (but by no means exclusively) the Italian-directed [[Spaghetti Western]]s. During the dictatorship of [[Francisco Franco]], this was the extent of the film industry in Andalusia.

Nonetheless, Andalusian film has roots as far back as [[José Val del Omar]] in the pre-Franco years, and since the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] has brought forth numerous nationally and internationally respected directors: {{ill|Antonio Cuadri|ca|Antonio Cuadri Vides|es|Antonio Cuadri|ru|Куадри, Антонио}} (''[[Heart of the Earth]]''), [[Chus Gutiérrez]] (''[[Poniente (film)|Poniente]]''), {{ill|Chiqui Carabante|ca|Chiqui Carabante|es|Chiqui Carabante}} (''[[Carlos Against the World]]''), [[Alberto Rodríguez Librero|Alberto Rodríguez]] (''[[7 Virgins]]''), [[Benito Zambrano]] (''[[Solas (film)|Solas]]''), and [[Antonio Banderas]] (''[[Summer Rain (2006 film)|Summer Rain]]'').

Counting together feature films, documentaries, television programs, music videos etc., Andalusia has boomed from 37 projects shooting in 1999 to 1,054 in 2007, with the figure for 2007 including 19 feature films.<ref>[http://www.andaluciafilm.com/Noticias/NoticiasNoticia.asp?desde=3&id=191 Andalucía alcanza los 1.000 rodajes gestionados por la Red de Ciudades de Cine de AFC]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2008-07-30, www.andaluciafilm.com. Retrieved 16 December 2009.</ref> Although feature films are the most prestigious, commercials and television are currently more economically important to the region.

The {{ill|Filmoteca de Andalucía|es|Filmoteca de Andalucía|fr|Cinémathèque d'Andalousie}}, headquartered in Córdoba, is a government-run entity in charge of the investigation, collection and diffusion of Andalusian cinematic heritage. Other important contributors to this last activity are such annual film festivals as the [[Málaga Spanish Film Festival]], the most important festival dedicated exclusively to cinema made in Spain, the [[Seville European Film Festival]] (SEFF), the [[International Festival of Short Films—Almería in Short]], the [[Huelva Festival of Latin American Film]], the [[Atlantic Film Show]] in Cádiz, the [[Islantilla Festival of Film and Television]] and the [[African Film Festival of Tarifa]].<!-- Not sure if some of these festivals may have established names in English, which we should use if they do. In Spanish they are:
Festival de cine europeo de Sevilla,
Festival Internacional de Cortometrajes Almería en Corto,
Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva,
Muestra Cinematográfica del Atlántico Alcances,
Festival de cine y televisión de Islantilla,
Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa.
All have articles in es-wiki. -->

===Culture===

====Customs and society====
[[File:El_Rocio_church_interior_R01.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]], with the altar of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]]]]
Each sub-region in Andalusia has its own unique customs that represent a fusion of Catholicism and local folklore. Cities like Almería have been influenced historically by both [[Granada]] and Murcia in the use of traditional head coverings. The ''sombrero de Labrador'', a worker's hat made of black velvet, is a signature style of the region.

In Cádiz, traditional costumes with rural origins are worn at bullfights and at parties on the large estates. The ''tablao flamenco'' dance and the accompanying ''[[cante jondo]]'' vocal style originated in Andalusia and traditionally most often performed by the gypsy ([[Gitanos]]). One of the most distinctive cultural events in Andalusia is the [[Romeria de El Rocio|Romería de El Rocío]] in May. It consists of a pilgrimage to the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]] in the countryside near [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]], in honor of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]], an image of the [[Virgin and Child]].<ref name=travelguides>[http://www.visithuelva.com/travelguides/province_elrocio-thepilgrimage.htm El Rocio Pilgrimage] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031134621/http://www.visithuelva.com/travelguides/province_elrocio-thepilgrimage.htm |date=31 October 2015 }}, visithuelva.com. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120724002341/http://www.hermandadrociosevilla.com/EL%20ROCIO/ hermandadrociosevilla.com]}}, ''passim''. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref> In recent times the ''Romería'' has attracted roughly a million pilgrims each year.<ref name="Díaz Pérez">[[Eva Díaz Pérez]], [http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/CR293/CR293-06.html "Los excesos del Rocío"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226000150/https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/CR293/CR293-06.html |date=26 February 2021 }}, ''El Mundo'', 27 May 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2010.</ref>

In [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], the [[saeta (flamenco)|saeta]] is a revered form of Spanish religious song, whose form and style has evolved over many centuries. Saetas evoke strong emotion and are sung most often during public processions. ''Verdiales'', based upon the [[Fandango (dance)|fandango]], are a flamenco music style and song form originating in Almogia, near Málaga. For this reason, the Verdiales are sometimes known as ''Fandangos de Málaga.'' The region also has a rich musical tradition of flamenco songs, or [[Palo (flamenco)|palos]] called [[cartageneras]]. Seville celebrates ''[[Holy Week in Seville|Semana Santa]]'', one of the better known religious events within Spain. During the festival, religious fraternities dress as penitents and carry large floats of lifelike wooden sculptures representing scenes of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]], and images of the Virgin Mary. [[Sevillanas]], a type of old folk music sung and written in Seville and still very popular, are performed in fairs and festivals, along with an associated dance for the music, the ''Baile por sevillanas''. All the different regions of Andalusia have developed their own distinctive customs, but all share a connectedness to Catholicism as developed during baroque [[Spain]] society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kern |title=The Regions of Spain |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-29224-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/regionsofspainre00kern}}</ref>

====Andalusian Spanish====
{{Main|Andalusian Spanish}}
[[File:Andalucía ceceante y seseante.PNG|thumb|300px|Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate between the sound of "z" and "c" (before e and i), pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}, and that of "s", pronounced {{IPA|/s/}}. This distinction is lost in many Andalusian-speaking areas. In some mostly southerly areas, shown here in red, all three letters are pronounced {{IPA|/θ/|cat=no}}, which is known as ''[[Ceceo]]''. In other areas, all three letters are pronounced ({{IPA|/s/}}), which is known as ''[[Seseo]]''. Still other areas retain the distinction found elsewhere in Spain. Note that the city of [[Cádiz]] has seseo.]]

Andalusian Spanish is one of the most widely spoken forms of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in Spain, and because of emigration patterns was very influential on [[Spanish language in the Americas|American Spanish]]. Rather than a single dialect, it is really a range of dialects sharing some common features; among these is
the retention of more [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words than elsewhere in Spain,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fernández-Sevilla, Julio |title=Objetividad y subjetividad. Datos para el nombre de un dialecto |year=1976 |journal=Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares |volume=32 |number=1/4 |issn=0034-7981 |pages=173–184}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=De Cos, F.J. |title=Las variedades lingüísticas en la enseñanza de E/LE: aplicación a la modalidad oral andaluza |year=2006 |journal=RedELE: Revista Electrónica de Didáctica ELE |number=6 |issn=1571-4667 |url=http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/revista6/FJavierdeCos.pdf |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224061518/http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/revista6/FJavierdeCos.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as some [[phonology|phonological differences]] compared with [[Standard Spanish]]. The [[isogloss]]es that mark the borders of Andalusian Spanish overlap to form a network of divergent boundaries, so there is no clear border for the linguistic region.<ref>For some maps of various isoglosses, see the online [http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi0_e.php Isogloss maps for Iberian Peninsula Spanish, according to ALPI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928104728/http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi0_e.php |date=28 September 2011 }}.</ref> [[Andalusian language movement|A fringe movement]] promoting an Andalusian language independent from Spanish exists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/andalucia/2021-09-27/la-extrema-izquierda-andaluza-reivindica-el-andaluh-en-el-senado-6822275/ |title=La extrema izquierda andaluza reivindica el 'andalûh' en el Senado |newspaper=[[Libertad Digital]] |date=27 September 2021 |language=es}}</ref>

====Religion====
[[File:Paso de palio de la virgen Maria santísima del amor de San Fernando 04791.jpg|left|thumb|Procession with statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Love of Saint Ferdinand (''Maria santísima del amor de San Fernando''), Cádiz.]]
The territory now known as Andalusia fell within the sphere of influence of ancient Mediterranean [[mythology|mythological]] beliefs. Phoenician colonization brought the cults of [[Baal]] and [[Melqart]]; the latter lasted into Roman times as [[Hercules]], mythical founder of both Cádiz and Seville. The [[Islote de Sancti Petri]] held the supposed tomb of Hercules, with representations of his [[Labours of Hercules|Twelve labors]]; the region was the traditional site of the tenth labor, obtaining the cattle of the monster [[Geryon]]. Traditionally, the [[Pillars of Hercules]] flank the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. Clearly, the European pillar is the [[Rock of Gibraltar]]; the African pillar was presumably either [[Monte Hacho]] in [[Ceuta]] or [[Jebel Musa (Morocco)|Jebel Musa]] in [[Morocco]]. The [[Roman road]] that led from Cádiz to Rome was known by several names, one of them being ''{{ill|Via Herculea|fr|Via Herculia|it|Via Herculia|sv|Via Herculea}}'', Hercules route returning from his tenth labor. The present [[coat of arms of Andalusia]] shows Hercules between two lions, with two pillars behind these figures.

[[Roman Catholicism]] is, by far, the largest religion in Andalusia. In 2012, the proportion of [[Andalusians]] that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 78.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html |title=Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España |date=2 April 2015 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404024037/http://www.lavanguardia.com/vangdata/20150402/54429637154/interactivo-creencias-y-practicas-religiosas-en-espana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Spanish Catholic religion constitute a traditional vehicle of Andalusian cultural cohesion,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Opas |first1=Minna |last2=Haapalainen |first2=Anna |title=Christianity and the Limits of Materiality |year=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=UK |isbn=9781474291781 |pages=243}}</ref> and the principal characteristic of the local popular form of Catholicism is devotion to the [[Virgin Mary]]; Andalusia is sometimes known as ''la tierra de María Santísima'' ("the land of Most Holy Mary").<ref>See [http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=tierra ''la tierra de María Santísima''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040134/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=Tierra |date=5 March 2016 }} in the dictionary of the [[Real Academia Española]].</ref> Also characteristic are the processions during [[Holy Week]], in which thousands of [[penance|penitents]] (known as ''nazarenos'') sing [[saeta (flamenco)|saetas]]. Andalusia is the site of such [[pilgrim]] destinations as the {{ill|Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza|ca|Santuari de la Mare de Déu de la Cabeza|de|Wallfahrtskirche Virgen de la Cabeza|es|Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza|it|Basilica di Nostra Signora della Cabeza}} in [[Andújar]] and the [[Hermitage of El Rocío]] in [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]].

====Bullfighting====
[[File:Joselito natural.jpg|thumb|[[José Gómez Ortega]]: Joselito "El Gallo".]]
While some trace the lineage of the [[Spanish Fighting Bull]] back to Roman times, today's fighting bulls in the Iberian peninsula and in the former [[Spanish Empire]] trace back to Andalusia in the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=repetida_1>{{cite web |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=638755 |title=Las plazas de toros de Andalucía y su incidencia turística |access-date=6 October 2008 |last1=Cepeda Carrión |first1=Gabriel |first2=María |last2=del Milagro Martín López |page=14 |language=es}}</ref> Andalusia remains a center of bull-rearing and [[Spanish-style bullfighting|bullfighting]]: its 227 ''fincas de ganado'' where fighting bulls are raised cover {{convert|146917|ha|acre}}.<ref name=repetida_1 /> In the year 2000, Andalusia's roughly 100 [[bullring]]s hosted 1,139 ''[[Spanish-style bullfighting|corridas]]''.<ref name=repetida_1 />

The oldest bullring still in use in Spain is the [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] ''[[Plaza de Toros de Ronda|Plaza de toros]]'' in [[Ronda]], built in 1784. The Andalusian Autonomous Government sponsors the ''Rutas de Andalucía taurina'', a touristic route through the region centered on bullfighting.

====Festivals====
[[File:Cruz de mayo bailio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cruz de mayo]] of the [[confraternity]] Hermandad de la Paz y Esperanza ("Brotherhood of Peace and Hope"), [[Cuesta del Bailío]], Córdoba.]]
The Andalusian festivals provide a showcase for popular arts and traditional costume. Among the most famous of these are the [[Seville Fair]] or ''Feria de Abril'' in Seville, now echoed by smaller fairs in Madrid and Barcelona, both of which have many Andalusian immigrants; the ''[[Feria de Agosto]]'' in Málaga; the [[Feria de Jerez]] or ''Feria del Caballo'' in Jerez; the {{ill|Corpus Christi in Granada|lt=Feast of Corpus Christi|es|Corpus Christi en Sevilla}} in Granada; the {{ill|Feria de Nuestra Señora de la Salud|es|Feria de Córdoba (España)}} in Córdoba; the [[Columbian Festivals]] (''Fiestas Colombinas'') in Huelva; the [[Feria de la Virgen del Mar]] in [[Almería]]; and the {{ill|Feria de San Lucas|es|Feria de San Lucas (Jaén)}} in Jaén, among many others.

Festivals of a religious nature are a deep Andalusian tradition and are met with great popular fervor. There are numerous major festivals during [[Holy Week]]. An annual pilgrimage brings a million visitors to the Hermitage of El Rocío in Almonte (population 16,914 in 2008); similarly large crowds visit the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza in Andújar every April.

Other important festivals are the [[Carnival of Cádiz]] and the [[Fiesta de las Cruces]] or [[Cruz de mayo]] in Granada and Córdoba; in Córdoba this is combined with a competition for among the ''patios'' (courtyards) of the city.

Andalusia hosts an annual festival for the dance of flamenco in the summer-time.

====Cuisine====
{{Main|Andalusian cuisine|List of Andalusian food and drink products with protected status}}
[[File:Tomato gazpacho.jpg|thumb|''[[Gazpacho]]'' served with ''tropezones'' (chopped vegetables).]]
The Andalusian diet varies, especially between the coast and the interior, but in general is a [[Mediterranean diet]] based on [[olive oil]], [[cereal]]s, [[legume]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fish]], [[dried fruit]]s and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[meat]]; there is also a great tradition of drinking [[wine]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jiménez, C. |author2=López, B. |title=Gastronomía andaluza y dieta mediterránea |year=2000 |publisher=Miramar |location=Málaga |isbn=84-922831-9-X |language=es}}</ref>

[[Fried fish]]—''pescaíto frito''—and [[seafood]] are common on the coast and also eaten well into the interior under coastal influence. [[Atlantic bluefin tuna]] (''Thunnus thynnus'') from the [[Almadraba]] areas of the [[Gulf of Cádiz]], [[prawn]]s from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] (known as ''langostino de Sanlúcar''), and deepwater rose shrimp (''{{Interlanguage link|Parapenaeus longirostris|es}}'') from Huelva are all highly prized. Fishing for the transparent goby or ''chanquete'' (''[[Aphia minuta]]''), a once-popular small fish from Málaga, is now banned because the techniques used to catch them trap too many immature fish of [[Bycatch|other species]].<ref>Resolución del 20 de junio de 1988 de la Dirección General de Pesca, por la que se establece una pesca indefinida para la pesca del Aphia minuta (chanquete) y similares (BOJA nº57 de 19 de julio de 1988).</ref>

The mountainous regions of the Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada produce cured [[ham]]s, notably including ''[[jamón serrano]]'' and ''[[jamón ibérico]]''. These come from two different types of pig, (''jamón serrano'' from white pigs, the more expensive ''jamón ibérico'' from the [[Black Iberian pig]]). There are several [[Denominación de origen|denominaciones de origen]], each with its own specifications including in just which [[microclimate]] region ham of a particular denomination must be cured. ''[[Plato alpujarreño]]'' is another mountain specialty, a dish combining ham, sausage, sometimes other pork, egg, potatoes, and olive oil.

[[Confectionery]] is popular in Andalusia. [[Almond]]s and [[honey]] are common ingredients. Many enclosed [[convent]]s of [[nun]]s make and sell pastries, especially Christmas pastries: ''[[mantecado]]s'', ''[[polvorón|polvorones]]'', ''[[pestiños]]'', ''[[alfajor]]es'', ''{{ill|yemas de San Leandro|es|Yemas de San Leandro|ru|Желтки святого Леандра}}'', as well as ''[[churro]]s'' or ''{{lang|es|tejeringos}}'', [[meringue]] cookies (''merengadas''), and ''{{ill|amarguillo|lt=amarguillos|es|amarguillo}}''.

Cereal-based dishes include ''[[migas]] de harina'' in eastern Andalusia (a similar dish to [[couscous]] rather than the fried breadcrumb based ''migas'' elsewhere in Spain) and a sweeter, more aromatic porridge called ''[[poleá]]'' in western Andalusia.
Vegetables form the basis of such dishes as ''{{lang|es|[[alboronía]]}}'' (similar to ''ratatouille'') and the chopped salad known as ''{{lang|es|[[pipirrana]]}}'' or ''{{lang|es|piriñaca}}''. Hot and cold soups based in olive oil, garlic, bread, tomato and peppers include ''[[gazpacho]]'', ''[[salmorejo]]'', ''[[porra antequerana]]'', ''[[ajo caliente]]'', ''[[sopa campera]]'', or—using almonds instead of tomato—''[[ajoblanco]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moreno, J. |title=Productos americanos y gastronomía andaluza: el gazpacho |year=1998 |journal=Isla de Arriarán: Revista cultural y científica |number=11 |issn=1133-6293 |pages=423–440 |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2571410&orden=0 |language=es}}</ref>

Wine has a privileged place at the Andalusian table. Andalusian wines are known worldwide, especially [[fortified wine]]s such as [[sherry]] (''jerez''), aged in [[solera]]s. These are enormously varied; for example, dry sherry may be the very distinct ''[[fino]]'', ''[[manzanilla (wine)|manzanilla]]'', ''[[amontillado]]'', ''[[oloroso]]'', or ''[[Palo Cortado]]'' and each of these varieties can each be sweetened with [[Pedro Ximénez]] or [[Muscat of Alexandria|Moscatel]] to produce a different variety of sweet sherry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Iglesias Rodríguez |first=Juan José (coor.) |title=Historia y cultura del vino en Andalucía |year=1995 |publisher=Universidad de Sevilla |isbn=84-472-0210-0 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Moreno, I. |chapter=La cultura del vino en Andalucía: identidades socioculturales y culturas del trabajo |title=Historia y cultura del vino en Andalucía |publisher=Ed. J.J. Iglesias |year=1995 |isbn=84-472-0210-0 |pages=179–200 |language=es}}</ref> Besides sherry, Andalucía has five other [[Denominación de origen|denominaciones de origen]] for wine: [[D.O. Condado de Huelva]], [[D.O. Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda]], [[Málaga and Sierras de Málaga|D.O. Málaga]], [[D.O. Montilla-Moriles]], and [[Málaga and Sierras de Málaga|D.O. Sierras de Málaga]].<ref name=MAPA-DO>For greater specificity on the denominaciones de origen, see [http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/Denominacion/consulta.asp M.A.P.A.] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306042138/http://www.mapa.es/es/alimentacion/pags/denominacion/consulta.asp |date=6 March 2011 }}, in Spanish.</ref> Most Andalusian wine comes from one of these regions, but there are other historic wines without a [[Protected Geographical Status]], for example [[Tintilla de Rota]], [[Pajarete]], [[Moscatel de Chipiona]] and [[Mosto de Umbrete]].

Andalusia also produces D.O. [[vinegar]] and [[brandy]]: [[D.O. Vinagre de Jerez]] and [[D.O. Brandy de Jerez]].<ref name=MAPA-DO/>

====Other traditions====
[[File:Misericordia Trono 3.jpg|thumb|Holy Week procession in [[Malaga]].]]
The traditional dress of 18th-century Andalusia was strongly influenced by ''{{lang|es|[[majo|majismo]]}}'' within the context of ''[[castizo|casticismo]]'' (purism, traditionalism, authenticity). The archetype of the ''majo'' and ''maja'' was that of a bold, pure Spaniard from a lower-class background, somewhat flamboyant in his or her style of dress. This emulation of lower-class dress also extended to imitating the clothes of brigands and [[Gitanos|Romani]] ("Gypsy") women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Worth |first=Susannah |date=2014-05-01 |title=Gitana Dress and Dress à la Gitana |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/0361211214Z.00000000022? |journal=Dress |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=31–45 |doi=10.1179/0361211214Z.00000000022 |issn=0361-2112}}</ref>

The [[Museum of Arts and Traditions of Sevilla]] <!-- that's the name the institution itself uses in English, including the Spanish spelling "Sevilla" --> has collected representative samples of a great deal of the history of Andalusian dress, including examples of such notable types of hat as the ''[[sombrero cordobés]], ''[[sombrero calañés]], ''[[sombrero de catite]]'' and the ''{{ill|pavero|es|pavero}}'', as well as the ''[[traje corto]]'' and ''[[traje de flamenca]]''.

Andalusia has a great artisan tradition in [[tile]], [[leather]] (''see [[Shell cordovan]]''), [[weaving]] (especially of the heavy ''[[jarapa]]'' cloth), [[marquetry]], and [[ceramic]]s (especially in Jaén, Granada, and Almería), [[lace]] (especially Granada and Huelva), [[embroidery]] (in [[Andévalo]]), [[ironwork]], [[woodworking]], and [[basketry]] in [[wicker]], many of these traditions a heritage of the long period of Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Caravaca, I. |title=La artesanía andaluza |year=1986 |journal=Revista de estudios andaluces |number=7 |issn=0212-8594 |pages=37–50 |doi=10.12795/rea.1986.i07.02 |language=es |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Andalusia is also known for its dogs, particularly the [[Andalusian Hound]], which was originally bred in the region. Dogs, not just andalusian hounds, are very popular in the region.

Andalusian equestrianism, institutionalized in the [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art]] is known well beyond the borders of Spain. The [[Andalusian horse]] is strongly built, compact yet elegant, distinguished in the area of [[dressage]] and [[show jumping]], and is also an excellent horse for [[driving (horse)|driving]]. They are known for their elegant "dancing" [[gait]].<ref>[http://www.realescuela.org/home.htm Real Escuela Andaluza de Arte Ecuestre] {{Webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215100745/http://www.realescuela.org/home.htm |date=15 December 2009 }}, official site.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Alhambra - decorazioni2.JPG|Tiles from the Alhambra.
File:Andalusian, in "Majo" dress.jpg|Andalusian, in "Majo" dress
File:Conjunto sombreros.jpg|alt=Sombreros cordobeses|''Sombreros cordobeses''.
File:Chorromujo.jpg|alt=Sombrero de catite|''Sombrero de catite''.
</gallery>