Editing Sudan (section)

== Culture ==
{{Further|Fashion of Sudan|Visual arts of Sudan|Architecture of Sudan|Sudanese cuisine|Sudanese literature}}
Sudanese culture melds the behaviours, practices, and beliefs of about 578 ethnic groups, communicating in numerous different dialects and languages, in a region microcosmic of Africa, with geographic extremes varying from sandy desert to tropical forest. Recent evidence suggests that while most citizens of the country identify strongly with both Sudan and their religion, Arab and African supranational identities are much more polarising and contested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|title=Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Sudan}}

=== Music ===
{{main|Music of Sudan}}
[[File:Drummer at Hamed el-Nil Mosque (8625532075).jpg|thumb|A [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in [[Omdurman]].]]
Sudan has a rich and unique musical culture that has been through chronic instability and repression during the modern history of Sudan. Beginning with the imposition of strict [[Salafi]] interpretation of ''[[sharia]]'' law in 1983, many of the country's most prominent poets and artists, like [[Mahjoub Sharif]], were imprisoned while others, like [[Mohammed el Amin]] (returned to Sudan in the mid-1990s) and [[Mohammed Wardi]] (returned to Sudan 2003), fled to Cairo. Traditional music suffered too, with traditional [[Zār]] ceremonies being interrupted and drums confiscated {{ref_label|roughguide|1|a}}.

At the same time European militaries contributed to the development of Sudanese music by introducing new instruments and styles; military bands, especially the Scottish [[bagpipes]], were renowned, and set traditional music to [[march (music)|military march]] music. The march ''March Shulkawi No 1'', is an example, set to the sounds of the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]]. Northern Sudan listens to different music than the rest of Sudan. A type of music called Aldlayib uses a musical instrument called the Tambur. The Tambur has five strings, is made from wood and makes music accompanied by the voices of human applause and singing artists.

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Sudan|Photography of Sudan}}
The [[cinema of Sudan]] began with [[cinematography]] by the [[History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|British colonial presence]] in the early 20th century. After independence in 1956, a vigorous documentary film tradition was established, but financial pressures and serious constraints imposed by the [[Islamism|Islamist]] government led to the decline of filmmaking from the 1990s onwards. Since the 2010s, several initiatives have shown an encouraging revival of filmmaking and public interest in film shows and festivals, albeit limited mainly to Khartoum.

The use of [[Photography of Sudan|photography in Sudan]] goes back to the 1880s and the [[Turkish Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian rule]]. As in other countries, the growing importance of photography for mass media like newspapers, as well as for amateur photographers led to a wider photographic [[documentation]] and [[Photojournalism#Golden age|use of photographs]] in Sudan during the 20th century and beyond. In the 21st century, photography in Sudan has undergone important changes, mainly due to [[digital photography]] and distribution through social media and the internet.

=== Clothing ===
{{Main|Clothing in Sudan}}
[[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|Beja men wearing galabiyas]]
Most Sudanese wear either traditional or western attire. A traditional garb widely worn by Sudanese men is the [[jalabiya]], which is a loose-fitting, long-sleeved, collarless ankle-length garment also common to [[Egypt]]. The jalabiya is often accompanied by a large turban and a scarf, and the garment may be white, coloured, striped, and made of fabric varying in thickness, depending on the season of the year and personal preferences.

The most common dress for Sudanese women is the ''thobe'' or ''[[thawb]]'', pronounced ''tobe'' in Sudanese dialect. The thobe is a white or colourful long, one-piece cloth that women wrap around their inner garments, usually covering their head and hair.

Due to a 1991 penal code (''Public Order Law''), women were not allowed to wear trousers in public, because it was interpreted as an "obscene outfit". The punishment for wearing trousers could be up to 40 lashes, but after being found guilty in 2009, one woman was fined the equivalent of 200 U.S. dollars instead.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0| work=The New York Times |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Waleed |last2=Arafat |title=Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers |date=8 September 2009}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sudan national football team |Sudan women's national football team}}
Like in many countries, football is the most popular sport also in Sudan. The [[Sudan Football Association]] was founded in 1936 and thus it became one of the oldest football associations to exist in Africa. However, before the foundation of the Football Association, Sudan had started experiencing football brought to the country by the British colonizers since early 20th century via Egypt. Other Sudanese clubs founded at that time include [[Al-Hilal (Omdurman)|Al-Hilal Omdurman]], [[Al-Merrikh SC|Al-Merrikh]], which led to popularization of football in the country. The [[Khartoum League]] became the first national league to be played in Sudan, laying ground for the future development of Sudanese football.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almasri |first=Omar |title=World Football: The State Of Football In Sudan |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/992747-world-football-the-state-of-football-in-sudan |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref>

Since September 2019, there has been an official national league for women's football clubs that started on the basis of informal women's clubs since the beginning of the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2006|title=Sudanese women play first competitive soccer|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-women-play-first,14234|access-date=28 August 2021|website=www.sudantribune.com|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828205137/https://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-women-play-first,14234|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, the [[Sudan women's national football team]] participated for the first time in the [[2021 Arab Women's Cup|Arab Women's Cup]], held in Cairo, Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 August 2021|title=Arab Women's Cup 2021 set to kick off in Cairo|url=https://arab.news/mh8jg|access-date=28 August 2021|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref>

Sudan's national beach volleyball team competed at the [[2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup]] in both the women's and the men's section.<ref>{{cite news |title= Continental Cup Finals start in Africa|url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021}}</ref> In June 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, the first Sudanese woman [[Wrestling|wrestler]] to participate in an African championship, was photographed by [[Reuters]] photographer Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, as she got ready to travel to Nigeria to prepare for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympic games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref>