Editing Romani people (section)

=== Forced assimilation ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-48, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|Deportation of Roma from [[Asperg]], Germany, 1940 (photograph by the ''Rassenhygienische Forschungsstelle'')]]
In the [[Habsburg monarchy]] under [[Maria Theresa]] (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to integrate the Romanies to get them to [[sedentism|permanently settle]], removed their rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754) to reduce citizen-mobility, renamed them "New Citizens" and obliged Romani boys into military service just as any other citizens were if they had no trade (1761, and Revision 1770), required them to register with the local authorities (1767), and another decree prohibited marriages between Romanies (1773) to integrate them into the local population. Her successor [[Josef II]] prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing along with the use of the [[Romani language]], both of which were punishable by flogging.<ref name="samer" /> During this time, the schools were obliged to register and integrate Romani children; this policy was the first of the modern policies of integration. In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when the Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the [[Romani language]] was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children were sent to orphanages. [[Charles III of Spain|King Charles III]] took a more progressive approach to Gitano assimilation, proclaiming that they had the same rights as Spanish citizens and ending the official denigration of them which was based on their [[Race (human categorization)|race]]. While he prohibited their nomadic lifestyle, their use of the [[Calo language]], the manufacture and wearing of Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades, he also forbade any form of discrimination against them and he also forbade the guilds from barring them. The use of the word ''gitano'' was also forbidden to further their assimilation, it was replaced with "New Castilian", a designation which was also applied to former [[History of the Jews in Spain|Jews]] and [[Islam in Spain|Muslims]].<ref>{{ cite book |first=Angus |surname=Fraser |title=Los gitanos |publisher=Ariel |year=2005 |isbn=978-84-344-6780-4}}</ref><ref>Texto de la pragmática en la [https://books.google.com/books?id=UnBFAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Declaro+que+los+que+llaman+y+se+dicen+gitanos+no+lo+son+por+origen+ni+por+naturaleza%2C+ni+provienen+de+raiz+infecta+alguna%22&pg=PA367 ''Novísima Recopilación''. Ley XI], pg. 367 y ss.</ref>

Most historians believe that Charles III's [[Pragmatic sanction|pragmática]] failed for three main reasons, reasons which were ultimately derived from its implementation outside major cities as well as in marginal areas: The difficulty which the Gitano community faced in changing its nomadic lifestyle, the marginal lifestyle to which the community had been driven by society and the serious difficulties of applying the pragmática in the fields of education and work. One author ascribes its failure to the overall rejection of the integration of the Gitanos by the wider population.<ref name="samer">{{cite web |url=http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml |title=Maria Theresia and Joseph II: Policies of Assimilation in the Age of Enlightened Absolutism |publisher=Karl-Franzens-Universitaet Graz |website=Rombase |date=December 2001 |first=Helmut |last=Samer |access-date=3 October 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406004922/http://rombase.uni-graz.at//cgi-bin/art.cgi?src=data%2Fhist%2Fmodern%2Fmaria.en.xml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Gitanos-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html |title=Gitanos. History and Cultural Relations |publisher=World Culture Encyclopedia |access-date=26 August 2007}}</ref>

Other policies of forced assimilation were implemented in other countries, one of these countries was Norway, where a law which permitted the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions was passed in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Roma in Norway |url=http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |publisher=Patrin Web Journal |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429054318/http://www.reocities.com/~patrin/norway.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/central-committee/2002/the-church-of-norway-and-the-roma-of-norway |title=The Church of Norway and the Roma of Norway |publisher=[[World Council of Churches]] |date=3 September 2002}}</ref>