Editing Roe v. Wade (section)

== Legacy ==
=== Effects of legalization ===
{{see also|Abortion in the United States#Effects of legalization}}
''Roe v. Wade'' caused a 4.5% decline in births in states that had not previously legalized abortion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=P. B. |last2=Staiger |first2=D. |last3=Kane |first3=T. J. |last4=Zimmerman |first4=D. J. |title=''Roe v Wade'' and American fertility |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=February 1999 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=199–203 [201]|doi=10.2105/AJPH.89.2.199|pmid=9949749 |pmc=1508542 |s2cid=1780791 }}</ref> Although the legalization of abortion in the United States increased the [[labor supply]] of fertile-aged women in the workforce, it decreased the labor supply of older women. This is thought to be due to the fact they now had fewer opportunities to financially support grandchildren. Older women whose labors became less necessary for the family's financial wellbeing either left or stayed out of the workforce.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=D. K. |title=Fertility and Family Labor Supply: Evidence from the United States |journal=Asia-Pacific Social Science Review |date=2019 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=206–217 [206, 215]|doi=10.59588/2350-8329.1232 }}</ref> Since ''Roe'', the risk of death due to legal abortion fell considerably due to increased physician skills, improved medical technology, and earlier termination of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03490220075032|title=Induced Termination of Pregnancy Before and After Roe v Wade: Trends in the Mortality and Morbidity of Women|year=1992|last=Coble|first=Yank D. |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=268|issue=22|page=3231}}</ref> Various studies have shown that overturning ''Roe'' could have adverse socio-economic conditions, higher maternal mortality,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Koerth|first1=Maggie|last2=Thomson-DeVeaux|first2=Amelia|date=May 31, 2022|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/overturning-roe-v-wade-could-make-maternal-mortality-even-worse/|title=Overturning Roe v. Wade Could Make Maternal Mortality Even Worse|website=FiveThirtyEight|access-date=June 27, 2022}}</ref> and other negative impacts.<ref name="Myers et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Caitlin|last2=Jones|first2=Rachel|last3=Upadhyay|first3=Ushma|date=July 31, 2019|title=Predicted changes in abortion access and incidence in a post-Roe world|journal=Contraception|volume=100|issue=5|pages=367–73|doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.139|pmid=31376381|issn=0010-7824|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Greene Foster|first=Diana|date=November 16, 2021|title=Yes, science can weigh in on abortion law|journal=Nature|volume=599|issue=7885|page=349|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-03434-1| pmid=34785804 | bibcode=2021Natur.599..349G|s2cid=244280010 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lewis|first=Tanya|date=May 3, 2022|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/overturning-roe-v-wade-could-have-devastating-health-and-financial-impacts-landmark-study-showed/|title=Overturning Roe v. Wade Could Have Devastating Health and Financial Impacts, Landmark Study Showed|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=May 7, 2022}}</ref>

The Donohue–Levitt hypothesis about the [[legalized abortion and crime effect]] proposed that legalized abortion was responsible for reductions in the crime rate. If there is a relationship between abortion and crime, there are several possibilities that could explain how abortion lowers crime. One possibility is that crime is disproportionally committed by young males, and legalizing abortion reduced the number of young males. Another possibility is that children born in the post-legalization era are less likely to commit crimes. If this is the case, it might be explained in two ways. One way is that the sort of women who have abortions are not representative of pregnant women as a whole; rather they are the sort who are most likely to give birth to children who grow up to be criminals. In this way, abortion serves to [[Eugenics in the United States#Efforts to shape American families|shape American family structure]].<ref name=donohue2001/> Studies linking demographics to crime have found that children born to American teenagers, unmarried mothers, and mothers with lower incomes are more likely to engage in criminal activity as adolescents.<ref>[https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w6034/w6034.pdf Abortion Legalization and Child Living Circumstances: Who is the "Marginal Child?"] by Jonathan Gruber, Phillip Levine, and Douglas Staiger, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 6034, May 1997</ref> Abortion rates are higher for these demographics. A second possible way to explain it is that women use abortion to prevent births until they are most able to provide a stable home environment. Factors involved in stability include the age, education, income, of the mother, her use of drugs and alcohol, the presence of a father, and wanted as opposed to unwanted pregnancies.<ref name=donohue2001>{{cite journal |last1=Donohue |first1=J.J. III |last2=Levitt |first2=S. D. |url=https://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/DonohueLevittTheImpactOfLegalized2001.pdf |title=The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |volume=116 |issue=2 |date=May 2001 |page=381|doi=10.1162/00335530151144050 }} Also see [[Freakonomics#The impact of legalized abortion on crime|''Freakonomics'' § The impact of legalized abortion on crime]]</ref> Another hypothesis is the [[Roe effect]], which tries to explain why the practice of abortion would eventually lead to abortion being restricted or outlawed. The hypothesis is that people in favor of abortion rights would not parent as many children when abortion is legal, and since children tend to have similar views to their parents eventually voters would not support abortion rights.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930202354/http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110006557 Babies Having (Fewer) Babies] by James Taranto, wsj.com ''OpinionJournal'', Dow Jones & Company, April 14, 2005</ref> Critics have argued that Donohue and Levitt's methodologies are flawed and that no statistically significant relationship between abortion and later crime rates can be proven.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Crime and Deviance |date=2019 |editor1=Marvin D. Krohn |editor2=Nicole Hendrix |editor3=Alan J. Lizotte |editor4=Gina Penly Hall |isbn=978-3-030-20779-3 |edition=Second |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Springer |oclc=1117640387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roeder |first1=Oliver K. |last2=Eisen |first2=Lauren-Brooke |last3=Bowling |first3=Julia |last4=Stiglitz |first4=Joseph E. |last5=Chettiar |first5=Inimai M. |date=2015 |title=What Caused the Crime Decline? |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2566965 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2566965 |issn=1556-5068 |s2cid=155454092 |quote=Based on an analysis of the past findings, it is possible that some portion of the decline in 1990s could be attributed to the legalization of abortion. However, there is also robust research criticizing this theory.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The economics of crime: lessons for and from Latin America |publisher=University of Chicago Press |editor1=Rafael Di Tella |editor2=Sebastian Edwards |editor3=Ernesto Schargrodsky |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-15376-6 |location=Chicago |page=286 |oclc=671812020 |quote=While the data from some countries are consistent with the DL hypothesis (e.g. Canada, France, Italy), several countries' data show the opposite correlation (e.g. Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Poland). In other cases crime was falling before legalization and does not decline any more quickly (twenty years) after legalization (e.g. Japan, Norway).}}</ref>

=== Opinion polls ===
{{see also|Abortion in the United States#Public opinion}}
Into the 21st century, polls of Americans' opinions about abortion indicated they are about equally divided. Several organizations, among them [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1576/abortion.aspx | title=Gallup: Abortion | publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]| date=January 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>Saad, Lydia. [http://www.gallup.com/poll/118399/More-Americans-Pro-Life-Than-Pro-Choice-First-Time.aspx More Americans "Pro-Life" Than "Pro-Choice" for First Time], Gallup (May 15, 2009).</ref> [[Pew Research Center]],<ref>[http://people-press.org/report/513/ "Public Takes Conservative Turn on Gun Control, Abortion Americans Now Divided Over Both Issues"], [[Pew Research Center]] (April 30, 2009).</ref> and [[Harris Insights & Analytics]],<ref name="Lowest">Harris Interactive, (November 9, 2007). "[https://theharrispoll.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Harris-Interactive-Poll-Research-Abortion-2007-11.pdf Support for Roe v. Wade Increases Significantly, Reaches Highest Level in Nine Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101172407/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=830 |date=January 1, 2008 }}." Retrieved December 14, 2007.</ref><ref>Harris Interactive. [https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-harris0503.html 'U.S. Attitudes Toward Roe v. Wade".] ''The Wall Street Journal Online'', (May 4, 2006). Retrieved February 3, 2007.</ref> conduct abortion or ''Roe v. Wade''-related polls. Regarding the ''Roe'' decision as a whole, more Americans supported it than supported overturning it.<ref name="Angus">[https://eppc.org/docLib/20070514_Quests_in_Roe_Memo.pdf Results on ''Roe v. Wade''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013001848/http://www.angus-reid.com/uppdf/Ayres.pdf |date=October 13, 2008 }} via [[Angus Reid Global Monitor]] (2007).</ref> In the 2000s, when pollsters describe various regulations that ''Roe'' prevented legislatures from enacting, support for ''Roe'' dropped.<ref name="Angus" /><ref>Gallagher, Maggie. [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/05/prolife_voters_are_crucial_com.html "Pro-Life Voters are Crucial Component of Electability"], Realclearpolitics.com (May 23, 2007).</ref>

Into the 2010s, poll results relating to abortion indicated nuance and frequently do not directly match up with respondents' self-identified political affiliations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Analysis {{!}} How America feels about abortion|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/04/24/how-america-feels-about-abortion/|access-date=April 25, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In 2021, an [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]/''[[Washington Post]]'' poll found that 58% of those with children living at home wanted to see ''Roe v. Wade'' upheld, compared to 62% of those without children at home. An [[All in Together]] poll found that only 36% with children living in their house opposed the [[Texas Heartbeat Act]], compared to 54.9% without children.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2021/11/30/how-americans-really-feel-about-abortion-the-sometimes-surprising-poll-results-as-supreme-court-weighs-overturning-roe-v-wade/?sh=26013cb736c9 How Americans Really Feel About Abortion: The Sometimes Surprising Poll Results As Supreme Court Weighs Overturning Roe V. Wade] by Alison Durkee, ''Forbes'', November 30, 2021</ref> After the Supreme Court's decision in June 2022 to overturn ''Roe v. Wade'', a new [[CBC News]]/[[YouGov]] poll showed 59% disapprove of the decision, and of women polled, 67% disapprove. According to the same poll, 52% of the participants called the court's decision a "step backward" for America, 31% said it is a "step forward", and 17% say it was neither.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Erica |date=2022-06-26 |title=Poll: Majority of Americans disapprove of overturning Roe v. Wade |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/26/cbs-poll-americans-roe-v-wade-abortion-rights |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Axios}}</ref> A January 2023 [[Gallup poll]] found that nearly 7 in 10 Americans disapprove of the country's abortion policies, the highest rate in 23 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melillo |first1=Gianna |date=2023 |title=Americans' dissatisfaction with US abortion policies hits all-time high |agency=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/accessibility/3852554-americans-dissatisfaction-with-us-abortion-policies-hits-all-time-high/}}</ref>