Editing Monaco (section)

==Relations with other countries==
{{main|Foreign relations of Monaco}}
{{further|France–Monaco relations|Monaco–European Union relations|Monaco–Russia relations|Monaco–United States relations}}
[[File:Monacoc1890.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Rock of Monaco]] in 1890]]
Monaco is so old that it has outlived many of the nations and institutions that it has had relations with. The [[Crown of Aragon]] and [[Republic of Genoa]] became a part of other countries, as did the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]. [[Honoré II, Prince of Monaco]] secured recognition of his independent [[sovereignty]] from [[Spain]] in 1633, and then from [[Louis XIII]] of France by the [[Treaty of Péronne (1641)]].

Monaco made a special agreement with France in 1963 in which French customs laws apply in Monaco and its territorial waters.<ref name="state.gov"/> Monaco uses the [[euro]] but is not a member of the European Union.<ref name="state.gov"/> Monaco shares a {{cvt|6|km|mi|adj=mid|abbr=off}} border with France but also has about {{cvt|2|km|mi|1|adj=mid|abbr=off}} of coastline with the Mediterranean sea.<ref name="Monaco">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |title=The World Factbook |work=cia.gov |date=22 September 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230233800/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/monaco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Two important agreements that support Monaco's independence from France include the [[Franco-Monégasque Treaties|Franco-Monégasque Treaty]] of 1861 and the [[Monaco succession crisis of 1918#French treaty of 1918|French Treaty of 1918]] (see also [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]). The United States CIA Factbook records 1419 as the year of Monaco's independence.<ref name="Monaco"/>

[[File:Ambassade de Monaco en France, 22 boulevard Suchet, Paris 16e.jpg|thumb|Embassy of Monaco, Paris, France]]
France and Italy have embassies within Monaco, while most other nations represented via [[foreign relations of Monaco|operations in Paris]].<ref name="embassypages.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.embassypages.com/monaco |title=Monaco – Embassies and Consulates |work=embassypages.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715235200/http://www.embassypages.com/monaco |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Privacy And Power">{{cite AV media|title=Privacy And Power: A year In The Life Of Prince Albert Of Monaco|publisher=Java Films|location=France}}</ref> There are about another 30 or so [[consulates]].<ref name="embassypages.com"/> By the 21st century Monaco maintained embassies in Belgium (Brussels), France (Paris), Germany (Berlin), the Vatican, Italy (Rome), Portugal (Lisbon),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/La-Diplomatie-et-la-Presence-Internationale/Relations-bilaterales/Tous-les-Pays/Portugal |title=Portugal: Représentation de la Principauté de Monaco auprès de la République portugaise |language=fr |publisher=Government of Monaco |access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308042340/https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/La-Diplomatie-et-la-Presence-Internationale/Relations-bilaterales/Tous-les-Pays/Portugal |url-status=live }}</ref> Spain (Madrid), Switzerland (Bern), United Kingdom (London) and the United States (Washington).<ref name="embassypages.com"/>

{{as of|2000}}, nearly two-thirds of the residents of Monaco were foreigners.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Monaco.aspx |title=Monaco |encyclopedia=encyclopedia.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721072424/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Monaco.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the immigrant population was estimated at 60%<ref name="Monaco"/> It is reported to be difficult to gain citizenship in Monaco, or at least in relative number there are not many people who do so. In 2015, an immigration rate of about 4 people per 1,000 was noted, or about 100–150 people a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html |title=The World Factbook |work=cia.gov |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905103734/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2112.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The population of Monaco went from 35,000 in 2008 to 36,000 in 2013, and of that about 20 per cent were native Monegasque<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populationfun.com/monaco-population/ |title=Monaco |work=populationfun.com |date=19 September 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011101/http://www.populationfun.com/monaco-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (see also [[Nationality law of Monaco]]).

A recurring issue Monaco encounters with other countries is the attempt by foreign nationals to use Monaco to avoid paying taxes in their own country.<ref name="Monaco"/> Monaco actually collects a number of taxes including a 20% VAT and 33% on companies unless they make over 75% of their income inside Monaco.<ref name="Monaco"/> Monaco does not allow dual citizenship but does have multiple paths to citizenship including by declaration and naturalisation.<ref name="Residency">{{cite web |url=http://flagtheory.com/monaco-residency/ |title=Principality of Monaco |work=flagtheory.com |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819092553/http://flagtheory.com/monaco-residency/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In many cases the key issue for obtaining citizenship, rather than attaining residency in Monaco, is the person's ties to their departure country.<ref name="Residency"/> For example, French citizens must still pay taxes to France even if they live full-time in Monaco unless they resided in the country before 1962 for at least 5 years.<ref name="Residency"/> In the early 1960s there was some tension between France and Monaco over taxation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance-watch.org/hot-topics/blog/1074-lesson-from-history-monaco-crisis |title=Lessons from history – The Monaco crisis from 1962–1963 and the emancipation of tax havens |author=Charlotte Geiger |work=finance-watch.org |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011100/http://www.finance-watch.org/hot-topics/blog/1074-lesson-from-history-monaco-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are no border formalities entering or leaving France. For visitors, a souvenir [[passport]] stamp is available on request at Monaco's tourist office. This is located on the far side of the gardens that face the Casino.
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;line-height:1.2"
|-valign="bottom"
! Microstate
! [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreement]]
! [[Eurozone]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The euro outside the euro area |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)]] |url=http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/world/outside_euro_area/index_en.htm |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707110725/http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/world/outside_euro_area/index_en.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
! [[Schengen Area]]
! [[Internal Market|EU single market]]
! [[European Union Customs Union|EU customs territory]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=rt/rt_EUCustomsUnion.html&docType=main&languageId=EN |title=EU Customs Union |access-date=18 June 2015 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052718/http://exporthelp.europa.eu/thdapp/display.htm?page=rt%2Frt_EUCustomsUnion.html&docType=main&languageId=EN |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! [[European Union Value Added Tax Area|EU VAT area]]<ref name="VAT">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/travellers/within_eu/faq_1179_en.htm |title=Taxation and Customs Union – Within the EU |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111165632/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/travellers/within_eu/faq_1179_en.htm |archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
! [[Dublin Regulation]]
|-
|{{MCO}} ([[Monaco–European Union relations|relations]])
|{{No|Negotiating}}<ref name=AANEG>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?ref=I100473 |title=RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=18 March 2015 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028044928/https://audiovisual.ec.europa.eu/en/video/I-100473 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Yes|[[Monegasque euro coins|Yes]]}}{{efn|[[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Monetary agreement with the EU]] to issue euros|name=euros}}
|{{Partial|De facto}}{{efn|Although not a contracting party to the [[Schengen Agreement]], has an [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|open border with France]] and Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of France.<ref name=obstacles>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2012:0388:FIN:EN:HTML |title=Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas |date=2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000800/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2012:0388:FIN:EN:HTML |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41998D0019:EN:HTML |title=The Schengen acquis – Decision of the Executive Committee of 23 June 1998 on Monegasque residence permits |date=22 September 2000 |access-date=9 September 2012 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002029/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:41998D0019:EN:HTML |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|{{Partial}}{{efn|Through an agreement with France<ref>[http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/11/st11/st11466.en11.pdf EU relations with the Principality of Andorra, the Republic of San Marino and the Principality of Monaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031072159/http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/11/st11/st11466.en11.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}: "If France adopts internal legislation transposing EU directives in certain areas covered by bilateral Agreements with Monaco, the Principality directly applies the French legislation in certain areas"</ref>}}
|{{Yes}}{{efn|Through an [[Franco-Monegasque Treaty|agreement]] with France. Part of the EU Customs territory, administered as part of France.<ref name=obstacles/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/faq/faq_1178_en.htm |title=Taxation and Customs – FAQ |publisher=[[European Commission]] |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608000239/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/faq/faq_1178_en.htm |archive-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:302:0001:0050:EN:PDF<!--San Marino removed in an amendment here:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997R0082:EN:HTML--> |title=Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |date=19 October 1992 |access-date=12 September 2012 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729113232/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1992:302:0001:0050:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=euterritory/>|name=France}}
|{{Yes}}{{efn|Also part of the EU excise territory<ref name=euterritory>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf |title=Annex 1: Overview of European Union countries |publisher=[[European Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504214400/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/customs/procedural_aspects/general/sad/guide/1619-08annexi_en.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|Through an agreement with France. Administered as a part of France for taxation purposes.<ref name="VAT"/><ref name=obstacles/><ref name=euterritory/><ref name="excise">{{cite journal |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:009:0012:0030:EN:PDF |title=COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2008/118/EC of 16 December 2008 concerning the general arrangements for excise duty and repealing Directive 92/12/EEC |date=14 January 2009 |access-date=10 September 2012 |journal=[[Official Journal of the European Union]] |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111211629/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:009:0012:0030:EN:PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|{{No}}
|-
|}

===Twin cities===
Monaco's [[Twin towns and sister cities|twin cities]] are:
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ostend]], [[Belgium]] since 1958<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deplate.be/trefwoorden/jumelage-oostende-monaco-1958|title=JUMELAGE OOSTENDE MONACO (1958) &#124; deplate.be|website=www.deplate.be}}</ref>
||
* {{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau, China]] since 1992
||
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucciana]], [[Corsica]], [[France]] since 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monaco-tribune.com/en/2019/09/monaco-celebrates-the-10th-anniversary-of-its-twinning-with-lucciana/|title=Monaco celebrates the 10th anniversary of its twinning with Lucciana|date=17 September 2019}}</ref>
||
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Campagna]], [[Campania]], [[Italy]] since 2015
|}