Editing Lima (section)

==Challenges==
===Environment===
[[File:Parapentes Miraflores Lima PE.jpg|thumb|Paragliding in Miraflores]]

====Air====
Lima suffers the most from air pollution. The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces. The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the human [[respiratory system]]. The recommended limit of these particles by the [[World Health Organization]] is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113233105/http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 November 2014 |title=Estadísticas Ambientales |date=February 2014 |website=inei.gob.pe }}</ref>

Lima has built [[billboard]]s which serve as [[air purifier]]s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/84013/this-billboard-sucks-pollution-from-the-sky-and-returns-purified-air/ |title=This Billboard Sucks Pollution from the Sky and Returns Purified Air |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=1 May 2014 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
[[File:Fiume Rimac.JPG|thumb|200x200px|[[Rímac River]]]]

====Water====
The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of [[SEDAPAL]] was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. The values are within the recommended limits.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

====Solid waste====
The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about {{convert|0.7|kg|0|abbr=on}} per day. In 2012, each resident produced {{convert|273.36|kg|0|abbr=on}} of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean. Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/>

'''COVID-19'''

Lima has a population of about 10 million people. This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation. Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months. However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Mayor of Lima sees COVID-19 as spark for an urban hub to the green recovery |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |title=Why Peru Is Emerging as a Coronavirus Hotspot in Latin America |url=https://time.com/5844768/peru-coronavirus/ |access-date=2021-06-07 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

Lima's [[green recovery]] is based on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all. The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development of [[COVID-19]] through the execution of 46&nbsp;km of rising bike routes.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" />

Lima is one of over 10,000 cities from all around the world that make up the [[Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy|Global Covenant of Mayors.]]<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/ |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Global Covenant of Mayors |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Access to basic services===
In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have grid electric service. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/>

One and a half million inhabitants have no access to drinking water. The water problem mainly affects the outlying areas of the capital. The story of water in Lima is one of inequality. In the most affluent districts, per capita water consumption stands at 350 liters per day. In the poorest neighborhoods, it's between 20 and 70 liters a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lima sin agua: Desigualdades sociales y amenazas ambientales en la capital |url=https://intercambio.pe/lima-agua-sociales/ |access-date= |website=INTERCAMBIO |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vega |first=Renzo Gómez |date=2023-10-03 |title=Media Lima se quedará sin agua potable por un corte que durará hasta cuatro días |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-10-03/media-lima-se-quedara-sin-agua-potable-por-un-corte-que-durara-hasta-cuatro-dias.html |access-date= |website=El País |language=es}}</ref>

===Security===
[[File:Lima from above.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|San Isidro, Lima from above]]
The perception of security varies by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606042705/http://ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html |archive-date=2013-06-06 |title=Ciudad Nuestra – Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú |website=ciudadnuestra.org |language=es}}</ref>

Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org"/>
[[File:PUENTE DE LOS SUSPIROS.jpg|thumb|Puente de Los Suspiros, [[Barranco District]]]]
While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/>

The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org"/>

====Wall of Shame====
[[File:Muro de la verguenza - Wall of shame.jpg|thumb|The wall divides the district of San Juan de Miraflores (one of the most chaotic, dangerous and poor) from the district of Santiago de Surco (one of the safest and most luxurious) through a hill (the urbanized part is San Juan de Miraflores and the non-urbanized part is Santiago de Surco)]]
The mid-20th century saw the rural population (between 600,000 and 1 million people) taking refuge in Lima, especially during the [[Peruvian conflict]].<ref name="vatik" /> The new arrivals, often very poor, erected hastily built shacks. Some residents of these shantytown neighborhoods have acquired property titles, but urban planning remains largely non-existent. In response, a number of wealthy neighborhoods built their own security barriers starting in 1985, citing security concerns.<ref name="vatik" /> By 2019, some segments were up to 3 meters high and included [[barbed wire]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-09-01/peru-tears-down-lima-wall-of-shame-but-wealth-divide-stays-strong |title=Peru Tears Down Lima 'Wall of Shame' but Wealth Divide Stays Strong |work=U.S. News & World Report |agency=Reuters |date=1 September 2023 |access-date=22 April 2025 |url-access=registration}}</ref> having a total length of {{convert|10|km|spell=in|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=El polémico muro que separa a ricos y pobres en Lima |last=Pighi |first=Pierina |date=2015-10-21 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/10/151019_peru_muro_barrio_pobre_rico_lima_amv |work=[[BBC Mundo]]|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="NACLA">{{Cite journal |last=Campoamor |first=Leigh |date=2019 |title=Lima's Wall(s) of Shame: In the hills of Lima, a concrete wall divides a poor neighborhood from a wealthy gated community, marking a border defined by centuries of structural neglect. |journal=[[NACLA Report on the Americas]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2019.1593686 |s2cid=167067331}}</ref>

Critics have used the term '''wall of shame''' ({{langx|es|muro de la vergüenza}}) to refer to the barriers, which are the subject of tension, especially as many inhabitants of the poorer area cross the wall everyday to work in the neighbouring affluent areas, usually as gardeners or domestic workers.<ref name="Atlantic">{{Cite news |last=Janetsky |first=Megan |date=7 September 2019 |title=Lima's 'Wall of Shame' and the Art of Building Barriers |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/peru-lima-wall/597085/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127064755/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/peru-lima-wall/597085/ |archive-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> The wall was partially demolished in 2023 in a number of places.<ref>Bourke, Mary (13 June 2024) [https://www.medlifemovement.org/medlife-stories/global-topics/the-wall-of-shame-in-lima-peru-a-symbol-of-class-divide/ The Wall of Shame in Lima, Peru: A Symbol of Class Divide]. ''MEDLIFE''. Retrieved 2024-11-16.</ref><ref name=vatik/><ref name="Reuters"/>