Editing Jurassic (section)

==== Chondrichthyes ====
[[File:Naturkundemuseum Engelhai Pseudorhina sp.17RM1984.jpg|thumb|Fossil of ''[[Pseudorhina]]'' from the Late Jurassic of Germany, a close relative of modern [[angelshark]]s.]]
During the Early Jurassic, the shark-like [[Hybodontiformes|hybodonts]], which represented the dominant group of [[Chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] during the preceding Triassic, were common in both marine and freshwater settings; however, by the Late Jurassic, hybodonts had become minor components of most marine communities, having been largely replaced by modern [[Neoselachii|neoselachians]], but remained common in freshwater and restricted marine environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Jan |last2=Underwood |first2=Charlie J. |date=2008-01-17 |title=Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic) |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=117–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00737.x |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..117R |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corso |first1=Jacopo Dal |last2=Bernardi |first2=Massimo |last3=Sun |first3=Yadong |last4=Song |first4=Haijun |last5=Seyfullah |first5=Leyla J. |last6=Preto |first6=Nereo |last7=Gianolla |first7=Piero |last8=Ruffell |first8=Alastair |last9=Kustatscher |first9=Evelyn |last10=Roghi |first10=Guido |last11=Merico |first11=Agostino |date=September 2020 |title=Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic) |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=38 |language=EN |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba0099 |pmc=7494334 |pmid=32938682 |bibcode=2020SciA....6...99D}}</ref> The Neoselachii, which contains all living sharks and rays, radiated beginning in the Early Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Charlie J. |date=March 2006 |title=Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/04069.1 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=215–235 |doi=10.1666/04069.1 |bibcode=2006Pbio...32..215U |s2cid=86232401 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> The oldest known ray ([[Batoidea]]) is ''[[Antiquaobatis]]'' from the Pliensbachian of Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kriwet |first2=Jürgen |date=2019-12-01 |title=A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns |journal=PalZ |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=637–658 |doi=10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4 |issn=1867-6812 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019PalZ...93..637S |s2cid=181782998}}</ref> Jurassic batoids known from complete remains retain a conservative, [[guitarfish]]-like morphology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Underwood |first1=Charlie J. |last2=Claeson |first2=Kerin M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Late Jurassic ray Kimmerobatis etchesi gen. et sp. nov. and the Jurassic radiation of the Batoidea |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787817300949 |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=130 |issue=3–4 |pages=345–354 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.06.009 |bibcode=2019PrGA..130..345U |s2cid=90691006}}</ref> The oldest known [[Hexanchiformes]] and [[carpet shark]]s (Orectolobiformes) are from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian and Toarcian, respectively) of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kriwet|first1=Jürgen|last2=Klug|first2=Stefanie|date=December 2011|title=A new Jurassic cow shark (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes) with comments on Jurassic hexanchiform systematics|journal=[[Swiss Journal of Geosciences]]|language=en|volume=104|issue=S1|pages=107–114|doi=10.1007/s00015-011-0075-z|s2cid=84405176|issn=1661-8726|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011SwJG..104..107K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srdic |first1=Alex |last2=Duffin |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Martill |first3=David M. |date=August 2016 |title=First occurrence of the orectolobiform shark Akaimia in the Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of England |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787816300785 |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.07.002|bibcode=2016PrGA..127..506S }}</ref> The oldest known members of the [[Heterodontiformes]], the only living members of which are the [[bullhead shark]] (''Heterodontus''), first appeared in the Early Jurassic, with representatives of the living genus appearing during the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Tiffany S. |last2=Ashbrook |first2=Kate |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=August 2020 |editor-last=Cavin |editor-first=Lionel |title=Evolutionary relationships among bullhead sharks (Chondrichthyes, Heterodontiformes) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1299 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=425–437 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1299 |bibcode=2020PPal....6..425S |s2cid=214133104 |issn=2056-2802 |hdl=10468/10339 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The oldest record of angelsharks ([[Squatiniformes]]) is ''[[Pseudorhina]]'' from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian–Tithonian) of Europe, which already has a bodyform similar to members of the only living genus of the order, ''[[Squatina]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-Romero |first1=Faviel A. |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Pfaff |first3=Cathrin |last4=Marramà |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Johanson |first5=Zerina |last6=Kriwet |first6=Jürgen |date=2020-07-28 |title=Evolutionary trends of the conserved neurocranium shape in angel sharks (Squatiniformes, Elasmobranchii) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=12582 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-69525-7 |pmid=32724124 |pmc=7387474 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012582L |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> The oldest known remains of [[Carcharhiniformes]], the largest order of living sharks, first appear in the late Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the western Tethys (England and Morocco). Known dental and exceptionally preserved body remains of Jurassic Carchariniformes are similar to those of living [[Scyliorhinidae|catshark]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Sebastian |last2=Scheer |first2=Udo |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=2019-03-04 |title=A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=e1593185 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185 |bibcode=2019JVPal..39E3185S |s2cid=155785248 |issn=0272-4634 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Synechodontiformes]], an extinct group of sharks closely related to Neoselachii, were also widespread during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klug |first1=Stefanie |last2=Tütken |first2=Thomas |last3=Wings |first3=Oliver |last4=Pfretzschner |first4=Hans-Ulrich |last5=Martin |first5=Thomas |date=September 2010 |title=A Late Jurassic freshwater shark assemblage (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2 |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |language=en |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=241–257|doi=10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2 |bibcode=2010PdPe...90..241K |s2cid=129236098 |issn=1867-1594}}</ref> The oldest remains of modern [[chimaera]]s are from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with members of the living family [[Callorhinchidae]] appearing during the Middle Jurassic. Unlike most living chimaeras, Jurassic chimeras are often found in shallow water environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Popov |first1=Evgeny V. |last2=Delsate |first2=Dominique |last3=Felten |first3=Roland |date=2019-07-02 |title=A New Callorhinchid Genus (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei) from the Early Bajocian of Ottange-Rumelange, on the Luxembourg-French Border |url=https://bioone.org/journals/paleontological-research/volume-23/issue-3/2018PR021/A-New-Callorhinchid-Genus-Holocephali-Chimaeroidei-from-the-Early-Bajocian/10.2517/2018PR021.full |journal=Paleontological Research |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=220 |doi=10.2517/2018PR021 |bibcode=2019PalRe..23..220P |s2cid=198423356 |issn=1342-8144}}</ref> The closely related [[Myriacanthidae|myriacanthids]] and the flattened ''[[Squaloraja]]'' are also known from the Jurassic of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duffin|first1=Christopher J. |last2=Milàn |first2=Jesper |date=2017-11-14|title=A new myriacanthid holocephalian from the Early Jurassic of Denmark |url=https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-65-2017/#10 |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark |language=en |volume=65 |pages=161–170|doi=10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-10|issn=2245-7070 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017BuGSD..65..161D }}</ref>