Editing Iron (section)

===Nutrition===
==== Diet====
Iron is pervasive, but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include [[red meat]], [[oyster]]s, [[bean]]s, [[poultry]], [[fish]], [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[watercress]], [[tofu]], and [[blackstrap molasses]].<ref name="lpi" /> [[Bread]] and [[breakfast cereal]]s are sometimes specifically fortified with iron.<ref name="lpi" /><ref>[https://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthissues/irondeficiency/ Food Standards Agency – Eat well, be well – Iron deficiency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060808184739/https://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthissues/irondeficiency/ |date=8 August 2006 }}. Eatwell.gov.uk (5 March 2012). Retrieved on 27 June 2012.</ref>

Iron provided by [[dietary supplement]]s is often found as [[iron(II) fumarate]], although [[iron(II) sulfate]] is cheaper and is absorbed equally well.<ref name="Ullmann" /> Elemental iron, or reduced iron, despite being absorbed at only one-third to two-thirds the efficiency (relative to iron sulfate),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoppe|first1=M.|last2=Hulthén|first2=L.|last3=Hallberg|first3=L.|title=The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification|journal=European Journal of Nutrition|volume=45|issue=1|pages=37–44|date=2005|pmid=15864409|doi=10.1007/s00394-005-0560-0|s2cid=42983904}}</ref> is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour. Iron is most available to the body when [[Chelation|chelated]] to amino acids<ref name="pmid11377130">{{Cite journal|title=Effectiveness of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis-glycinate chelate |journal=Nutrition |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=381–4 |date=2001 |pmid=11377130| doi = 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00519-6 |last1=Pineda |first1=O. |last2=Ashmead |first2=H. D.}}</ref> and is also available for use as a common [[iron supplement]]. [[Glycine]], the least expensive amino acid, is most often used to produce iron glycinate supplements.<ref name="Ashmead">{{Cite book|last = Ashmead |first = H. DeWayne |date = 1989 |title = ''Conversations on Chelation and Mineral Nutrition'' |publisher = Keats Publishing |isbn = 0-87983-501-X}}</ref>

====Dietary recommendations====
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iron in 2001.<ref name="lpi" /> The current EAR for iron for women ages 14{{nbnd}}18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 mg/day for ages 19{{nbnd}}50 and 5.0 mg/day thereafter (postmenopause). For men, the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day for women ages 15{{nbnd}}18, 18.0 mg/day for ages 19{{nbnd}}50 and 8.0 mg/day thereafter. For men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher-than-average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day and, for lactation, 9 mg/day.<ref name="lpi" /> For children ages 1{{nbnd}}3 years 7 mg/day, 10 mg/day for ages 4–8 and 8 mg/day for ages 9{{nbnd}}13. As for safety, the IOM also sets [[Tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of iron, the UL is set at 45 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Iron|chapter-url= https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads//290-393_150.pdf|title= Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Iron|publisher= National Academy Press|year= 2001|pages= 290–393|pmid= 25057538|isbn= 0-309-07279-4|author1= Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients|access-date= 9 March 2017|archive-date= 9 September 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170909191057/https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads//290-393_150.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the [[United States]]. For women the PRI is 13 mg/day ages 15{{nbnd}}17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are premenopausal and 11 mg/day postmenopausal. For pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the PRI is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14, the PRI increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web | title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf|work=European Food Safety Authority}}</ref> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question did not establish a UL.<ref>{{cite web| title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>

Infants may require iron supplements if they are bottle-fed cow's milk.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=274 |title=Iron Deficiency Anemia |publisher=MediResource |access-date=17 December 2008 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216132821/http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/condition_info_details.asp?disease_id=274 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frequent [[Blood donation|blood donors]] are at risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi= 10.1016/0925-5710(95)00426-2|pmid= 8867722|date= 1996|last1= Milman|first1=N.|title= Serum ferritin in Danes: studies of iron status from infancy to old age, during blood donation and pregnancy|volume= 63|issue= 2|pages= 103–35|journal= [[International Journal of Hematology]]|doi-access= free}}</ref>

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For iron labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 18 mg, and {{as of|2016|May|27|lc=y|df=US}} remained unchanged at 18 mg.<ref name="FedReg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf|title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=7 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].