Editing History of the Philippines (section)

=== World War II and Japanese occupation ===
{{Main|Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Second Philippine Republic|Home front during World War II#The Philippines}}

==== Military ====
[[File:Roxas and his Japanese friend.jpg|thumb|upright|Colonel Nobuhiko Jimbo and Manuel Roxas began and ended the conflict on opposite sides.]]
[[Japan]] launched a surprise [[Battle of the Philippines (1942)|attack]] on the Clark Air Base in [[Pampanga]] on the morning of December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the [[Bataan Peninsula]] and to the island of [[Corregidor]] at the entrance to Manila Bay.

On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an [[open city]] to prevent its destruction.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=392}}</ref> The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the [[Bataan Peninsula]] in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous [[Bataan Death March]] to a prison camp 105&nbsp;kilometers to the north. About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lacsamana|1990|p=168}}</ref>
President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=415}}</ref> MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.
[[File:Washington, D.C. Representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the White House to reaffirm their pact.jpg|thumb|Exiled Manuel L. Quezon (sitting second to the right) in Washington, D.C., with Representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the [[White House]] to reaffirm their pact. ]]
The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the [[Philippine Executive Commission]]. They initially organized a [[Philippine Council of State|Council of State]], through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when Japan declared the Philippines an independent republic at Gozen Kaigi since U.S. government had promised independence of the Philippines in 1935. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by President [[José P. Laurel]] proved to be unpopular.<ref name="uslc-21">{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991-21}}</ref>

From mid-1942 through mid-1944, Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|underground and guerrilla activity]].<ref name="McAAE">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153210/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html|archive-date=January 28, 2017 |title=The Guerrilla War |website=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |access-date=February 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |title=The Japanese Invasion |first1=Salah |last1=Jubair |publisher=Maranao.Com |access-date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727232925/http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2010 }}</ref> The [[Philippine Army]], as well as remnants of the [[U.S. Army Forces Far East]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Norling|2005}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/guerrillas.htm |work=Defense Journal |year=2002 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323170920/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/guerrillas.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2010 }}</ref> continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army.<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of known insurgent activity |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/Images/p_084.jpg |work=Center of Military History |publisher=United States Army |access-date=August 26, 2009 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603023221/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/Images/p_084.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> Supplies and encouragement were provided by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Dominic J. |last1=Caraccilo |title=Surviving Bataan And Beyond: Colonel Irvin Alexander's Odyssey As A Japanese Prisoner Of War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aWfqFW_OFmQC |year=2005 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-3248-2 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=aWfqFW_OFmQC&pg=PA287 287]}}</ref> Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]].<ref name="uslc-21" /> One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the [[Hukbalahap]], which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon.<ref name="uslc-21" /> While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.<ref name="Dispositions">{{cite web |title=Dispositions and deaths |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument |website=Australia-Japan Research Project |access-date=April 21, 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Photograph of American Prisoners Using Improvised Litters to Carry Comrades, 05-1942 - NARA - 535564.jpg|thumb|left|As many as 10,000 American and Filipino soldiers died in the [[Bataan Death March]]]]The Philippines was the bloodiest theater of the war for the invading empire, with at least 498,600 Japanese troops killed in fighting the combined Filipino resistance and American soldiers, a larger number of casualties compared to the second-placed theater, the entirety of China, which caused the Japanese about 455,700 casualties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964. |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument |website=Australia-Japan Research Project |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311073745/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dispositions" /> The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war's conclusion. At the eve of the liberation of the Philippines, the Allied forces and the Japanese Empire waged the largest naval battle in history, by gross tonnage in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]].{{refn|<ref name="Woodward1947">{{cite book |title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf |last1=Woodward |first1=C. Vann |year=1947 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York}}</ref><ref>"LIEUTENANT RAMSEY'S WAR" by EDWIN PRICE RAMSEY and STEPHEN J. RIVELE.Published by Knightsbride publishing Co, Los Angeles, California</ref>}} The American army had been fighting the [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|Philippines Campaign]] since October 1944, when MacArthur's [[Sixth United States Army]] [[Battle of Leyte|landed]] on [[Leyte]]. Landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the Allies, with the Philippine Commonwealth troops, pushed toward Manila. However, fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. Approximately 10,000 U.S. soldiers were missing in action in the Philippines when the war ended, more than in any other country in the Pacific or European Theaters. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction, especially during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]]. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and Manila had been extensively damaged.<ref name="uslc-21" />

==== Home front ====
[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|[[Leyte]] Landing of General [[Douglas MacArthur]] to liberate the Philippines from the Empire of Japan]]
As in most occupied countries, crime, looting, corruption, and black markets were endemic. Japan in 1943 proposed independence on new terms, and some collaborators went along with the plan, but Japan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it.<ref>Dear and Foot, eds. ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' pp 877–79</ref>

With a view of building up the economic base of the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]], the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry. For example, the Japanese had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan but a severe shortage of cotton, so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results. They lacked the seeds, [[pesticide]]s, and technical skills to grow cotton. Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities, where there was minimal relief and few jobs. The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel, [[castor bean]]s and [[copra]] for oil, [[derris]] for [[quinine]], cotton for uniforms, and [[abaca]] (hemp) for rope. The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills, collapsed international markets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry, and diverted resources needed for food production.

Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war. Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel. Food was in very short supply, due to inflation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ara | first1 = Satoshi | year = 2008 | title = Food supply problem in Leyte, Philippines, during the Japanese Occupation (1942–44)| journal = Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | volume = 39 | issue = 1| pages = 59–82 | doi=10.1017/s0022463408000039| s2cid = 162389263 }}</ref>