Editing History of Islam (section)

===Mughal Empire===
{{Main|Mughal Empire}}
[[File:The Mughal Empire.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mughal India]] at its greatest extent, at the sharia apogee of [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir]].]]

Mughal Empire was a power that comprised almost all of [[South Asia]], founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by the [[Timurid dynasty]], with [[Turco-Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] roots from [[Central Asia]], claiming direct descent from both [[Genghis Khan]] (through his son [[Chagatai Khan]]) and [[Timur]],<ref name="Richards1995">{{citation|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=6|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel2004">{{citation|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|page=22|isbn=978-1-86189-185-3}}</ref><ref name="Balabanlilar2012">{{citation|last=Balabanlilar|first=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC|date=15 January 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=2|isbn=978-1-84885-726-1}}</ref> and with significant [[India|Indian]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances;<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', p. 105], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Aakar Books|year=2007|page=300|isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref> the first two [[Mughal emperors]] had both parents of Central Asian ancestry, while successive emperors were of predominantly Indo-Persian ancestry.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=978-93-84544-98-0}}</ref> The dynasty was [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] in culture,<ref name="r1"/> combining [[Persianate society|Persianate]] culture<ref name="persianatemogul">{{cite book|title=God and Logic in Islam: The Caliphate of Reason|author=John Walbridge|page=165|quote=Persianate Mogul Empire.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Britain and the Persian Gulf: 1795–1880|author=John Barrett Kelly|page=473}}</ref> with local [[Culture of India|Indian cultural]] influences<ref name="r1">{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/|title=Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450–1650)|publisher=SOAS|access-date=28 November 2012|archive-date=23 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923222924/http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/|url-status=dead}}</ref> visible in its court culture and administrative customs.<ref name="r4">{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/history/MEDIEVAL/mughal%20period/mughal2.htm|title=Indian History-Medieval-Mughal Period-AKBAR|publisher=Webindia123.com|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder [[Babur]] over [[Ibrahim Lodi]], the last ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] (1526). During the reign of [[Humayun]], the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the [[Sur Empire]] established by [[Sher Shah Suri]], who re-established the [[Grand Trunk Road]] across the northern Indian subcontinent, initiated the [[rupee]] currency system and developed much of the foundations of the effective administration of Mughal rule. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire began in 1556, with the ascension of [[Akbar]] to the throne. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were [[Muslims]]; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called [[Din-i-Ilahi|Dīn-i Ilāhī]], as recorded in historical books like ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and ''[[Dabistān-i Mazāhib]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Makhan Lal|last=Roy Choudhury|title=The Din-i-Ilahi:Or, The Religion of Akbar}}</ref> The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in native societies during most of its existence, rather co-opting and pacifying them through concilliatory administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 115}}{{sfn|Robb|2001|pp = 90–91}} and a syncretic, inclusive ruling elite,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}} leading to more systematic, centralized and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 152}} Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], the [[Rajputs]], the [[Pashtuns]], the [[Hindu Jats]] and the [[Khalsa|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006">{{cite book|author1=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|author2=Cynthia Talbot|title=India before Europe|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|page=265}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Burjor Avari|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA131|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|pages=131–|isbn=978-0-415-58061-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Erinn Banting|date=2003|title=Afghanistan: The people|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistanpeopl0000bant|url-access=registration|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistanpeopl0000bant/page/9 9]–|isbn=978-0-7787-9336-6}}</ref>{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}}
[[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|[[Taj Mahal]] is a [[mausoleum]] built by [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] to house the tomb of his favourite wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].]]
The reign of [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) represented the height of [[Mughal architecture]], with famous monuments such as the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]], [[Red Fort]], [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] and [[Lahore Fort]] being constructed during his reign.

The [[sharia]] reign of [[Aurangzeb|Muhammad Auranzgeb]] witnessed the establishment of the [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]].<ref>''Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order'', [[Michael Adas]], Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78347-572-8|pages=62–63}}</ref> Muslim India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world [[GDP]].<ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA259 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|92-64-10414-3}}, pages 259–261</ref> Its richest province, [[Bengal Subah]], which was a world leading economy and had better conditions than 18th century [[Western Europe]], showed signs of the [[Industrial Revolution]], through the emergence of the period of [[proto-industrialization]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Numerous conflicts such as the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] were also witnessed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb|first=Farhat|last=Hasan|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=34|issue=4|date=1991|pages=351–360|doi=10.1163/156852091X00058|jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690|first=James|last=Vaugn|journal=Britain and the World|volume=11|issue=1|date=September 2017}}
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After the death of [[Aurangzeb]], which marks the end of Medieval India and beginning of the European colonialism in India, internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the empire's administrative and economic systems, leading to its break-up and declarations of independence of its former provinces by the [[Nawab of Bengal]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], the major economic and military power known as [[Kingdom of Mysore]] ruled by [[Tipu Sultan]] and other small states. In 1739, the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the [[Battle of Karnal]] by the forces of [[Nader Shah]], the founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] in Persia, and Delhi was [[Sack of Delhi|sacked and looted]], drastically accelerating their decline.

In 1757, the [[East India Company]] overtook [[Bengal Subah]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]]. By the mid-18th century, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] had routed Mughal armies and won over several Mughal provinces from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|date=2010|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|publisher=Macmillan India|page=Introduction 14|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3}}</ref>

[[Tipu Sultan]]'s [[Kingdom of Mysore]] based in [[South India]], which witnessed partial establishment of [[sharia]] based economic and military policies i.e. [[Fathul Mujahidin]], replaced Bengal ruled by the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] as [[South Asia]]'s foremost economic territory.<ref name="mehta">{{cite book|title=Widows, Pariahs, and Bayadères: India as Spectacle|author=Binita Mehta|publisher=[[Bucknell University Press]]|year=2002|pages=110–111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wK1fAwgOercC&pg=PA110|isbn=978-0-8387-5455-9}}</ref><ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=B. N. Pande|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-81-85220-38-3}}</ref> 
The [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] were fought between [[Hyder Ali]], his son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] and their [[First French Empire|French]] allies, including [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte, and the [[East India Company]]. [[Rocket artillery]] and the world's first iron-cased rockets, the [[Mysorean rockets]], were used during the war and the [[Jihad]] based [[Fathul Mujahidin]] was compiled.

During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited, and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], had authority over only the city of [[Shahjahanabad]]. Bahadur issued a ''[[firman]]'' supporting the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Consequent to the rebellion's defeat he was tried by the [[East India Company]] [[Company rule in India|authorities]] for treason, imprisoned, and exiled to [[Rangoon]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Capper|author-link=John Capper|date=1918|title=Delhi, the Capital of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|pages=28–29|isbn=978-81-206-1282-2}}</ref> The last remnants of the empire were formally taken over by the British, and the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1858|Government of India Act]] to enable [[the Crown]] formally to [[Nationalization|nationalize]] the East India Company and assume direct control of India in the form of the new [[British Raj]].