Editing Heart (section)

==Society and culture==
{{further|Sacred Heart|Heart symbol|Blood#Cultural and religious beliefs}}
{{Hiero|''jb'' (F34) "heart"|<hiero>F34</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}

===Symbolism===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Heart corazón.svg
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| caption1 = Common [[Heart (symbol)|heart symbol]]
| image2 = Гхани.png
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| caption2 =Letter [[wikt:ღ|ღ]] of the [[Georgian script]] is often used as a "heart" symbol.
| image3 = 心-bigseal.svg
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| caption3 = The [[seal script]] glyph for "heart" ([[Middle Chinese]] ''sim'')
}}
[[File:Amaranthe - Wacken Open Air 2018-2480.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elize Ryd]] making a heart sign at a concert in 2018]]
As one of the vital organs, the heart was long identified as the center of the entire body, the seat of life, or emotion, or reason, will, intellect, purpose or the mind.<ref name=WATKINS>{{cite book|title=The Watkins Dictionary of Symbols|isbn=978-1-78028-357-9|chapter=Heart|last1=Tresidder|first1=Jack|year=2012|publisher=Watkins Media Limited }}</ref> The heart is an emblematic symbol in many religions, signifying "truth, conscience or moral courage in many religions—the temple or throne of God in Islamic and [[Judeo-Christian]] thought; the divine centre, or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]], and the [[third eye]] of transcendent wisdom in [[Hinduism]]; the diamond of purity and essence of the [[Buddha]]; the [[Taoism|Taoist]] centre of understanding."<ref name=WATKINS />

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], the word for heart, ''lev'', is used in these meanings, as the seat of emotion, the mind, and referring to the anatomical organ. It is also connected in function and symbolism to the stomach.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosner|first1=Fred|title=Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud : selections from classical Jewish sources|date=1995|publisher=KTAV Pub. House|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-88125-506-5|pages=87–96|edition=Augm.}}</ref>

An important part of the concept of the [[Egyptian soul|soul]] in [[Ancient Egyptian religion]] was thought to be the heart, or ''ib''. The ''ib'' or metaphysical heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the child's mother's heart, taken at conception.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/280503/ib ''Britannica'', ''Ib''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107185547/https://www.britannica.com./EBchecked/topic/280503/ib |date=7 January 2009 }}. The word was also transcribed by [[E. A. Wallis Budge|Wallis Budge]] as ''Ab.''</ref> To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of [[emotion]], [[thought]], will, and [[intention]]. This is evidenced by [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] expressions which incorporate the word ''ib'', such as ''Awi-ib'' for "happy" (literally, "long of heart"), ''Xak-ib'' for "estranged" (literally, "truncated of heart").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=James P.|title=Middle Egyptian : an introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs|date=2014|isbn=978-1-107-66328-2|pages=453, 465|publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=3rd}}</ref> In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. The heart was therefore not removed from the body during mummification, and was believed to be the center of intelligence and feeling, and needed in the afterlife.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mummification |url=http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page3.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.ancientegypt.co.uk}}</ref> It was thought that the heart was examined by [[Anubis]] and a variety of [[ancient Egyptian deities|deities]] during the ''Weighing of the Heart'' ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of [[Maat]], which symbolized the ideal standard of behavior. If the scales balanced, it meant the heart's possessor had lived a just life and could enter the afterlife; if the heart was heavier, it would be devoured by the monster [[Ammit]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=John H.|title=Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt|date=2001|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-79164-7|pages=35–38}}</ref>

The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] character for "heart", 心, derives from a comparatively realistic depiction of a heart (indicating the heart chambers) in [[seal script]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Qiu |last1=Xigui |first2=Gilbert L |last2= Mattos|title=Chinese writing = Wenzi-xue-gaiyao|date=2000|publisher=Society for the Study of Early China [u.a.]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-1-55729-071-7|page=176}}</ref> The Chinese word [[:wikt:心#Mandarin|''xīn'']] also takes the metaphorical meanings of "mind", "intention", or "core", and is often translated as "heart-mind" as the ancient Chinese believed the heart was the center of human cognition.<ref>MDBG online dictionary. [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%BF%83 "心"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224839/http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%BF%83 |date=4 October 2016 }}.</ref> [[Heart (Chinese medicine)|In Chinese medicine]], the heart is seen as the center of [[Shen (Chinese religion)|神 ''shén'']] "spirit, consciousness".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Flaws, Bob|title=Statements of fact in traditional Chinese medicine|date=2007|publisher=Blue Poppy Press|location=Boulder, Colo.|isbn=978-0-936185-52-1|edition=3rd|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNrg-gG3pgC&pg=PA47|access-date=16 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025301/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNrg-gG3pgC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> The heart is associated with the [[small intestine]], [[tongue]], governs the [[Zang-fu|six organs and five viscera]], and belongs to fire in the five elements.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wiseman|first1=Nigel|last2=Ye|first2=Feng|title=A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine|date=1998|publisher=Paradigm Publications|location=Brookline, MA|isbn=978-0-912111-54-4|edition=1st|page=260}}</ref>

The Sanskrit word for heart is ''hṛd'' or ''hṛdaya'', found in the oldest surviving Sanskrit text, the [[Rigveda]]. In Sanskrit, it may mean both the anatomical object and "mind" or "soul", representing the seat of emotion. ''Hrd'' may be a cognate of the word for heart in Greek, Latin, and English.<ref>{{citation|author=Sellmer, Sven|editor1=Piotr Balcerowicz|editor2=Marek Mejor|title=Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qPLswTCSIC&pg=PA71|year=2004|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-1978-8|pages=71–83|chapter=The Heart in the ''Ŗg veda''|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206085205/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qPLswTCSIC&pg=PA71|archive-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lanman|first1=Charles Rockwell|title=A Sanskrit reader : text and vocabulary and notes|date=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-208-1363-2|page=287|edition=repr}}</ref>

Many [[classical antiquity|classical]] philosophers and scientists, including [[Aristotle]], considered the heart the seat of thought, [[reason]], or emotion, often disregarding the brain as contributing to those functions.<ref>{{cite book |title=On the Parts of Animals |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/parts/book3.html|page=book 3, ch. 4 |no-pp=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814220201/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/parts/book3.html |archive-date=14 August 2016}} ([[De Partibus Animalium|De partibus animalium]])</ref> The identification of the heart as the seat of [[emotion]]s in particular is due to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] physician [[Galen]], who also located the seat of the passions in the [[liver]], and the seat of reason in the brain.<ref>[[Galen]], ''De usu partium corporis humani'' ("The Use of the Parts of the Human Body"), book 6.</ref>

The heart also played a role in the [[Aztec]] system of belief. The most common form of human sacrifice practiced by the Aztecs was heart-extraction. The Aztec believed that the heart (''tona'') was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Sun's heat (''istli''). To this day, the Nahua consider the Sun to be a heart-soul (''tona-tiuh''): "round, hot, pulsating".<ref>Sandstrom, Alan (1991) ''Corn is Our Blood''. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 239–240. {{ISBN|0-8061-2403-2}}.</ref>

Indigenous leaders from Alaska to Australia came together in 2020 to deliver a message to the world that humanity needs to shift from the mind to the heart, and let our heart be in charge of what we do.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-20 |title='Listen to your heart': Indigenous elders channel tough love in Earth Day film |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-earth-day-indigenous-idCAKBN2221G7 |access-date=2022-12-20}}</ref> The message was made into a film, which highlighted that humanity must open their hearts to restore balance to the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prophecy  |url=https://www.wisdomweavers.world/prophecy |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Wisdom Weavers of the World  |language=en-US}}</ref> Kumu Sabra Kauka, a Hawaiian studies educator and tradition bearer summed up the message of the film saying "Listen to your heart. Follow your path. May it be clear, and for the good of all."<ref name=":5" />  The film was led by Illarion Merculieff from the [[Aleut]] (Unangan) tribe. Merculieff has written that Unangan Elders referred to the heart as a "source of wisdom", "a deeper portal of profound interconnectedness and awareness that exists between humans and all living things".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Center for Humans and |date=2017-06-16 |title=Out of the Head, Into the Heart: The Way of the Human Being |url=https://humansandnature.org/out-of-the-head-into-the-heart-the-way-of-the-human-being/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Center for Humans and Nature |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bioneers |date=2019-03-22 |title=The Indigenous Art of Following Wisdom from the Heart |url=https://bioneers.org/the-indigenous-art-of-following-wisdom-from-the-heart-ze0z1903/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Bioneers |language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[Catholicism]], there has been a long tradition of veneration of the heart, stemming from worship of the wounds of [[Jesus Christ]] which gained prominence from the mid sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors = Kurian G|title=Nelson's Dictionary of Christianity: The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World|date=2001|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc.|isbn=978-1-4185-3981-8|chapter=Sacred Heart of Jesus}}</ref> This tradition influenced the development of the medieval Christian [[Catholic devotions|devotion]] to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]] and the parallel veneration of the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]], made popular by [[John Eudes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Tom Devonshire Jones; Linda Murray; Peter|title=The Oxford dictionary of christian art and architecture|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Corby|isbn=978-0-19-968027-6|chapter=Heart|edition=2nd}}</ref> There are also many references to the heart in the Christian Bible, including "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 5:8 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%205%3A8&version=NIV |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> "Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Proverbs 4:23 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%204%3A23&version=NIV |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> "For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 6:21 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%206%3A21&version=NIV |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> "For as a man thinks in his heart, so shall he be."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Proverbs 23:7 – New King James Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%2023%3A7&version=NKJV |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref>

The expression of a [[broken heart]] is a cross-cultural reference to [[grief]] for a lost one or to unfulfilled [[romantic love]].

The notion of "[[Cupid]]'s arrows" is ancient, due to [[Ovid]], but while Ovid describes Cupid as wounding his victims with his arrows, it is not made explicit that it is the ''heart'' that is wounded. The familiar iconography of Cupid shooting little [[heart shape|heart symbols]] is a [[Renaissance]] theme that became tied to [[Valentine's Day]].<ref name=WATKINS />

In certain [[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans-New Guinea languages]], such as [[Foi language|Foi]] and Momoona, the heart and seat of emotions are [[Colexification|colexified]], meaning they share the same word.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |title=The Trans New Guinea family |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |pages=125}}</ref>

===Food===
{{anchor|Food|Heart as food}}
Animal hearts are widely consumed as a type of [[offal]]. As they are almost entirely muscle, they are high in protein. They are often included in dishes with other internal organs, for example in the [[Ottoman cuisine|pan-Ottoman]] [[kokoretsi]].

[[Chicken (food)|Chicken]] hearts are considered to be [[giblets]], and are often grilled on skewers; examples of this are [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] [[yakitori|''hāto yakitori'']], [[Brazilian cuisine|Brazilian]] [[churrasco|''churrasco de coração'']], and [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]] [[satay|chicken heart satay]].<ref>''Indonesia Magazine'', '''25''' (1994), p. 67</ref> They can also be pan-fried, as in [[Jerusalem mixed grill]]. In [[Egyptian cuisine]], they can be used, finely chopped, as part of [[stuffing]] for chicken.<ref>Abdennour, Samia (2010) "Firakh mahshiya wi mihammara", recipe 117, ''Egyptian Cooking: And Other Middle Eastern Recipes'', American University in Cairo Press. {{ISBN|977-424-926-7}}.</ref> Many recipes combined them with other giblets, such as the [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] ''pollo en menudencias''<ref>[[Diana Kennedy|Kennedy, Diana]] (2013) ''My Mexico: A Culinary Odyssey with Recipes'', University of Texas Press. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-292-74840-X}}.</ref> and the [[Russian cuisine|Russian]] ''ragu iz kurinyikh potrokhov''.<ref>Sacharow, Alla (1993) ''Classic Russian Cuisine: A Magnificent Selection of More Than 400 Traditional Recipes''. {{ISBN|1-55970-174-9}}</ref>

The hearts of beef, pork, and mutton can generally be interchanged in recipes.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} As heart is a hard-working muscle, it makes for "firm and rather dry" meat,<ref>{{cite book|first1=Irma S.|last1=Rombauer|author-link=Irma S. Rombauer|first2=Marion Rombauer|last2=Becker|first3=Ethan|last3=Becker|isbn=978-0-02-604570-4|publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company|title=The Joy of Cooking|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking400romb/page/508 508]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking400romb}}</ref> so is generally slow-cooked. Another way of dealing with toughness is to [[Julienning|julienne]] the meat, as in [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] stir-fried heart.<ref>Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979) ''Unmentionable Cuisine'', University of Virginia Press, {{ISBN|0-8139-1162-1}}, p. 96</ref>

[[Beef]] heart is valued for its high meat quality and low price, being commonly disregarded in conventional meat pricing. It can be cut into [[steaks]], comparable in quality to the more expensive cuts of meat from the same animal, though it is distinguished by a lack of a discernible grain. It was historically eaten in the United States as a cost-saving measure, but is today also eaten as an independently desirable ingredient.<ref>Gray, Melissa. [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/10/25/163618582/beef-heart-an-unexpected-meal-that-spans-generations "Beef Heart: An Unexpected Meal That Spans Generations"], ''NPR'', 25 October 2012.</ref> Beef heart may be grilled or braised.<ref name="joy">[[Irma S. Rombauer|Rombauer, Irma S.]] and Rombauer Becker, Marion (1975) ''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'', p. 508</ref> In the [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian]] [[anticuchos|''anticuchos de corazón'']], barbecued beef hearts are grilled after being tenderized through long [[marination]] in a spice and vinegar mixture. An [[Australian cuisine|Australian]] recipe for "mock goose" is actually braised stuffed beef heart.<ref>Torode, John (2009) ''Beef: And Other Bovine Matters'', Taunton Press, {{ISBN|1-60085-126-6}}, p. 230</ref>

[[Pork]] heart can be stewed, poached, braised,<ref>Milsom, Jennie (2009) ''The Connoisseur's Guide to Meat''. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 171. {{ISBN|1-4027-7050-2}}</ref> or made into sausage. The [[Balinese cuisine|Balinese]] ''oret'' is a sort of [[blood sausage]] made with pig heart and blood. A [[French cuisine|French]] recipe for ''cœur de porc à l'orange'' is made of braised heart with an orange sauce.