Editing French Resistance (section)

===Literature and films===
The French Resistance has had a great influence on literature, particularly in France. A famous example is the poem [[Affiche Rouge (poem)|"Strophes pour se souvenir"]], which was written by the communist academic [[Louis Aragon]] in 1955 to commemorate the heroism of the [[Missak Manouchian|Manouchian Group]], whose 23 members were shot by the Nazis. The Resistance is also portrayed in [[Jean Renoir]]'s wartime ''[[This Land Is Mine (film)|This Land is Mine]]'' (1943), which was produced in the US. In the immediate postwar years, French cinema produced a number of films that portrayed a France broadly present in the Resistance.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=604}}{{Sfn|Mazdon|2001|p=110}} ''[[La Bataille du rail]]'' (1946) depicted the courageous efforts of French railway workers to sabotage German reinforcement trains,{{Sfn|Hayward|2005|p=194}} and in the same year ''Le Père tranquille'' told the story of a quiet insurance agent secretly involved in the bombing of a factory.{{Sfn|Hayward|2005|p=194}} Collaborators were unflatteringly portrayed as a rare unpopular minority, as played by Pierre Brewer in ''Jéricho'' (also 1946) or [[Serge Reggiani]] in ''Les Portes de la nuit'' (1946 as well), and movements such as the [[Milice]] were rarely evoked.

In the 1950s, a less heroic interpretation of the Resistance to the occupation gradually began to emerge.{{Sfn|Hayward|2005|p=194}} In [[Claude Autant-Lara]]'s ''La Traversée de Paris'' (1956), the portrayal of the city's black market and the prevailing general mediocrity disclosed the reality of war-profiteering during the occupation.{{Sfn|Lanzone|2002|pp=168–169}} In the same year, [[Robert Bresson]] presented ''[[A Man Escaped]]'', in which an imprisoned Resistance activist works with a reformed collaborator inmate to help him escape.{{Sfn|Lanzone|2002|p=286}} A cautious reappearance of the image of Vichy emerged in ''[[Le Passage du Rhin]]'' (The Crossing of the Rhine)(1960), in which a crowd successively acclaims both Pétain and de Gaulle.{{Sfn|Hayward|2005|p=131}}

After General de Gaulle's return to power in 1958, the portrayal of the Resistance returned to its earlier ''résistancialisme''. In this manner, in ''[[Is Paris Burning? (film)|Is Paris Burning?]]'' (1966), "the role of the resistant was revalued according to [de Gaulle's] political trajectory".{{Sfn|Laffont|2006|p=1002}} The comic form of films such as ''[[La Grande Vadrouille]]'' (also 1966) broadened the image of Resistance heroes in the minds of average Frenchmen.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=604–605}} The most famous and critically acclaimed of all the ''résistancialisme'' movies is ''[[L'armée des ombres]]'' (Army of Shadows) by French filmmaker [[Jean-Pierre Melville]] in 1969, a film inspired by [[Joseph Kessel]]'s 1943 book as well as Melville's own experience as a Resistance fighter who participated in [[Operation Dragoon]]. A 1995 television screening of ''[[L'armée des ombres]]'' described it as "the best film made about the fighters of the shadows, those anti-heroes."{{sfn|Burdett|Gorrara|Peitsch|1999|pp=173–174}} The shattering of France's ''résistancialisme'' following the [[May 1968 events in France|civil unrest of May 1968]] was made particularly clear in French cinema. The candid approach of the 1971 documentary ''[[The Sorrow and the Pity]]'' shone a spotlight on antisemitism in France and disputed the official Resistance ideals.{{Sfn|Weitz|1995|p=13}}{{Sfn|Greene|1999|pp=69–73}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's positive review of the film wrote that director [[Marcel Ophüls]] "tries to puncture the bourgeois myth—or protectively askew memory—that allows France generally to act as if hardly any Frenchmen collaborated with the Germans."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910312,00.html | title=Truth and Consequences| magazine=Time |date=27 March 1972| access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref>

Franck Cassenti, with ''[[L'Affiche Rouge]]'' (1976); Gilson, with ''La Brigade'' (1975); and Mosco with the documentary ''Des terroristes à la retraite'' addressed foreign resisters of the EGO, who were then relatively unknown. In 1974, [[Louis Malle]]'s ''[[Lacombe, Lucien]]'' caused scandal and polemic for his lack of moral judgment regarding the behavior of a collaborator.{{Sfn|Greene|1999|p=73}} Malle later portrayed the resistance of Catholic priests who protected Jewish children in his 1987 film ''[[Au revoir les enfants]]''. [[François Truffaut]]'s 1980 film ''[[Le Dernier Métro]]'' was set during the German occupation of Paris and won ten [[César Award|Césars]] for its story of a theatrical production staged while its Jewish director is concealed by his wife in the theater's basement.{{Sfn|Greene|1999|pp=80–83}} The 1980s began to portray the resistance of working women, as in ''Blanche et Marie'' (1984).{{Sfn|Ezra|Harris|2000|p=188}} Later, [[Jacques Audiard]]'s ''[[A Self Made Hero|Un héros très discret]]'' (1996) told the story of a young man's traveling to Paris and manufacturing a Resistance past for himself, suggesting that many heroes of the Resistance were impostors.{{Sfn|Hayward|2005|p=303}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=627}} In 1997 [[Claude Berri]] produced the [[biopic]] ''[[Lucie Aubrac (film)|Lucie Aubrac]]'' based on the life of the Resistance heroine of the same name, which was criticized for its Gaullist portrayal of the Resistance and its overemphasizing the relationship between Aubrac and her husband.{{Sfn|Suleiman|2006|p=43}}

In 2003, Kimberly Brubaker Bradley first published a book entitled ''For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=For Freedom: The Story of a French Spy|last=results|first=search|date=2005|publisher=Laurel Leaf|isbn=978-0-440-41831-3|edition= New title |location=New York|language=en}}</ref> Though classified as a work of fiction, the book is based on the real-life memories of Suzanne David Hall. Training to become an opera singer, Suzanne was traveling for rehearsals, costume fittings, and lessons when she was recruited by an organizer of the French Resistance and became a secret courier.