Editing AMD (section)

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Business trends ===
The key trends for AMD are (as of the financial year ending in late December):<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Fundamentalanalyse {{!}} KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/AMD-Aktie/US0079031078 |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
!Revenue (US$ bn)
!Net profit (US$ m)
!Total assets (US$ bn)
!Employees
|-
|2017
|5.3
|43
|3.5
|8,900
|-
|2018
|6.4
|337
|4.5
|10,100
|-
|2019
|6.7
|341
|6.0
|11,400
|-
|2020
|9.7
|2,490
|8.9
|12,600
|-
|2021
|16.4
|3,162
|12.4
|15,500
|-
|2022
|23.6
|1,320
|67.5
|25,000
|-
|2023
|22.6
|854
|67.8
|26,000
|}

=== Partnerships ===
AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests and to rival Intel's dominance and resources:<ref name="vr1" /><ref name="vr2" /><ref name="vr3" />

* A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed [[HyperTransport]], a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spooner |first=John G |date=March 2, 2002 |title=Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors |publisher=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/promoter-of-storied-alpha-to-shut-doors/ |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref> It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors.
* AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained [[silicon on insulator]] (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on [[90 nm]] implementation. AMD announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for [[32 nm]] and [[22 nm]] fabrication-related technologies.<ref>[https://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation], slide 10. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033318/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/DarylOstranderAMDAnalystDay.pdf|archive-date=October 9, 2022|url-status=live|date=March 26, 2009}}.</ref>
* To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies, such as [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[Dell]], [[Asus]], [[Acer (company)|Acer]], and [[Microsoft]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Patrick |date=July 5, 2017 |title=Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem |publisher=Serve the Home |url=https://www.servethehome.com/impressive-part-amd-epyc-launch-ecosystem |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
* In 1993, AMD established a 50–50 partnership with [[Fujitsu]] called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name [[Spansion]] and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares dropping 37%. AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competition agreement on December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single-chip, multiple-chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory.<ref>[http://apps.shareholder.com/s/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=SPSN&docid=4095716] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |date=May 18, 2006 |title=Dell hooks up with AMD |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/18/dell_picks_amd/ |access-date=July 10, 2017 |website=The Register}}</ref> In September 2006, Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup.
* In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest versions of AMD APUs{{spaced ndash}}accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based business notebooks as well.<ref>Rik Myslewski, ChannelRegister. "[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2011/06/14/amd_hp_notebooks/ Intel, AMD in HP notebook smackdown Which is faster? 'You tell me' says AMD]". June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.</ref>
* In the spring of 2013, AMD announced that it would be powering [[Eighth generation of video game consoles|all three major next-generation consoles]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Poeter |first=Damon |date=May 21, 2013 |title=AMD Hits Game Console Trifecta With Xbox One & Opinion |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2419289,00.asp |access-date=June 14, 2013 |work=PC Magazine}}</ref> The [[Xbox One]] and [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 4]] are both powered by a custom-built AMD APU, and the [[Nintendo]] [[Wii U]] is powered by an AMD GPU.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMD Game Console Triple Crown: Will There Be Profits? |url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/1446501-amd-game-console-triple-crown-will-there-be-profits |access-date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=Seeking Alpha}}</ref> According to AMD, having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with cross-platform development to competing consoles and PCs and increased support for their products across the board.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 7, 2013 |title=AMD say "PC ports of next-generation console titles are likely to struggle" on Intel tech &#124; News, Tech, Tech News |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/2013/06/07/amd-say-pc-ports-of-next-generation-console-titles-are-likely-to-struggle-on-intel-tech/ |magazine=PC Gamer |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref>
* AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) for the production of AMD products in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=April 13, 2016 |title=AMD plans to enter India in a big way, ties up with HSMC for chip manufacturing: Ravi Shankar Prasad |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/amd-plans-to-enter-india-in-a-big-way-ties-up-with-hsmc-for-chip-manufacturing-ravi-shankar-prasad/articleshow/51795523.cms |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
* AMD is a founding member of the [[HSA Foundation]] which aims to ease the use of a [[Heterogeneous System Architecture]]. A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use both [[central processing unit]]s and [[GPU|graphics processors]] to complete computational tasks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutress |first=Ian |date=March 16, 2015 |title=HSA Foundation Launches 'HSA 1.0 Final' |publisher=Anandtech |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9066/hsa-foundation-launches-hsa-10-final-architecture-programmers-reference-and-runtime-specifications |access-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>
* AMD announced in 2016 that [[AMD-Chinese joint venture|it was creating a joint venture]] to produce x86 server chips for the Chinese market.<ref name="2018-toms-hardware">{{Cite news |last=Alcorn |first=Paul |date=July 6, 2018 |title=China Finds Zen: Begins Production Of x86 Processors Based On AMD's IP |publisher=Tom's Hardware |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/china-zen-x86-processor-dryhana,37417.html |access-date=July 9, 2018}}</ref>
*On May 7, 2019, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Energy, [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], and [[Cray|Cray Inc.]], are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD [[Epyc]] CPUs and [[Radeon Instinct|Radeon]] GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 1.5 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut sometime in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Department of Energy and Cray to Deliver Record-Setting Frontier Supercomputer at ORNL |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/us-department-energy-and-cray-deliver-record-setting-frontier-supercomputer-ornl |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>
*On March 5, 2020, it was announced that the U.S. Department of Energy, [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], and [[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]] are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD [[Epyc]] CPUs and [[Radeon Instinct|Radeon]] GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=LLNL and HPE to partner with AMD on El Capitan, projected as world's fastest supercomputer {{!}} Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/llnl-and-hpe-partner-amd-el-capitan-projected-worlds-fastest-supercomputer |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=www.llnl.gov}}</ref>
* In the summer of 2020, it was reported that AMD would be powering [[Ninth generation of video game consoles|the next-generation console offerings]] from Microsoft and Sony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/28/21344881/amd-ps5-xbox-series-x-zen-3-cpu-rdna-2-gpu-2020-release-q2-earnings|title=AMD says its PS5 and Xbox Series X chips, Zen 3 CPUs, and RDNA 2 GPUs will ship on time|last=Faulkner|first=Cameron|work=The Verge|date=July 28, 2020|access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>
* On November 8, 2021, AMD announced a partnership with [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] to make the chips used in the [[Metaverse]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2022 |title=AMD Partnership With Facebook (Meta) Company - Totoseek |url=https://totoseek.com/amd-partnership-with-facebook-meta-company/ |access-date=November 29, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129205746/https://totoseek.com/amd-partnership-with-facebook-meta-company/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In January 2022, AMD partnered with Samsung to develop a mobile processor to be used in future products. The processor was named Exynos 2022 and works with the AMD RDNA 2 architecture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2022 |title=Samsung Partners With AMD to Power Up Mobile Chips |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/samsung-partners-with-amd-to-power-up-mobile-chips |access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref>

=== Litigation with Intel ===
{{See also|Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.|Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.}}
[[File:Amd 386 processor.jpg|thumb|AMD processor with Intel copyright]]

AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current) partner and x86 creator [[Intel Corporation|Intel]].<ref name="litigation">{{cite web |title=Ryzen 7 2700X vs i7 8700K |url=https://thesoftbest.com/ryzen-7-2700x-vs-i7-8700k/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108093846/http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD_-_Intel_Litigation_History.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2007 |access-date=January 12, 2007 |publisher=AMD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/us/Documents/Complaint_summary.pdf |title=Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) vs. Intel Corporation Executive Summary of AMD Complaint |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213450/http://www.amd.com/us/Documents/Complaint_summary.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/us/Documents/AMD-Intel_Full_Complaint.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 23, 2017 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110213342/http://www.amd.com/us/Documents/AMD-Intel_Full_Complaint.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 1986, Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's microchips for [[IBM]]; AMD filed for [[arbitration]] in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the [[Supreme Court of California]]. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.
* In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
* In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and [[Cyrix]] Corp. for misuse of the term [[MMX (instruction set)|MMX]]. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
* In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an [[United States antitrust law|antitrust]] suit against Intel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in [[Delaware]]. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, the court has issued [[subpoena]]s to major computer manufacturers including [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Dell]], [[Lenovo]], [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] and [[Toshiba]].
* In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25 billion and renew a five-year patent cross-licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them.<ref name="amd suit">[http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/technology/amd-intel-settle-legal-disputes/] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Guinness World Record achievement ===
* On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a [[Guinness World Record]] for the "Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429&nbsp;GHz.<ref name="Record">Peter Clarke, EE Times. "[http://eetimes.com/electronics-news/4226949/AMD-clocks-FX-processor AMD 'clocks' FX processor at 8.429-GHz]". September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.</ref> The company ran an 8-core FX-8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.<ref name=youtube>{{Citation |title=Maximum Speed AMD FX Processor Takes Guinness World Record |date=September 12, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKN4VMOenNM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/UKN4VMOenNM| archive-date=November 22, 2021 | url-status=live|via=YouTube |format=video |access-date=November 7, 2012}}{{cbignore}}<br />During the video, cooling transitions from air to water to liquid nitrogen and finally to liquid helium.</ref> The previous record was 8.308&nbsp;GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).
* On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an [[overclocking|overclocker]] from Taiwan, used an FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461&nbsp;GHz.<ref name="record2">Matthew Humprhires, Geek.com. "[http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/amd-bulldozer-cpu-beats-world-record-again-achieving-8-461ghz-2011111/ AMD clocks FX-8150 at 8.461-GHz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428193028/http://www.geek.com/articles/chips/amd-bulldozer-cpu-beats-world-record-again-achieving-8-461ghz-2011111 |date=April 28, 2012 }}". November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.</ref>
* On November 19, 2012, Andre Yang used an FX-8350 to set another record: 8.794&nbsp;GHz.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPU-Z Validator |url=http://valid.canardpc.com/lpza4n |publisher=CPU-Z}}</ref>

=== Acquisitions, mergers, and investments ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Date
!Company
!Integration or division
!Price
|-
|January 16, 1996
|[[NexGen]]
|[[AMD K6]]
|$857 million in AMD shares<ref>{{cite web |date=1995-10-21 |title=Chip Maker AMD to Buy Nexgen for $857 Million |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-10-21-fi-59417-story.html |agency=[[Bloomberg Business News]]}}</ref>
|-
|February 6, 2002
|Alchemy Semiconductor<ref>{{Cite web |last=EETimes |date=February 6, 2002 |title=EETimes - AMD acquires Alchemy Semi to enter embedded RISC processor market |url=https://www.eetimes.com/amd-acquires-alchemy-semi-to-enter-embedded-risc-processor-market/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=EETimes}}</ref>
|Processors (embedded CPUs)
|Undisclosed
|-
|August 6, 2003
|Coatue<ref>{{Cite web |last=EETimes |date=August 6, 2003 |title=EETimes - Coatue secretly sold to AMD, folded into FASL |url=https://www.eetimes.com/coatue-secretly-sold-to-amd-folded-into-fasl/ |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=EETimes}}</ref>
|Memory (non-volatile polymer-based memory)
|Undisclosed
|-
|July 24, 2006
|[[ATI Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sorkin |first=Andrew Ross |date=July 24, 2006 |title=A.M.D. to Acquire ATI Technologies |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/technology/24cnd-semi.html |access-date=April 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|Graphics and 3D software (Radeon GPUs)
|$5,400 million
|-
|February 29, 2012
|[[SeaMicro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Completes Acquisition of SeaMicro |url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/404/amd-completes-acquisition-of-seamicro |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |language=en |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405210516/https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/404/amd-completes-acquisition-of-seamicro |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Data center platform
|$334 million
|-
|June 29, 2016
|HiAlgo<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Acquires Software Company HiAlgo, Laying Groundwork for Future Gaming Innovation in Radeon Software |url=https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/696/amd-acquires-software-company-hialgo-laying-groundwork-for |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2016 |title=AMD's HiAlgo acquisition brings gamer-friendly tools to Radeon Software experience |url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/06/29/amds-hialgo-acquisition-brings-gamer-friendly-tools-to-radeon-software-experience/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Gaming experience (Radeon Chill, Radeon Boost and Radeon Swift)
|Undisclosed
|-
|April 10, 2017
|Nitero<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moorhead |first=Patrick |title=AMD Acquires IP And Acquihires Nitero Team, Maker Of 60 Ghz Wireless Chips For VR/AR |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2017/04/10/amd-acquires-ip-and-engineering-team-from-nitero-maker-of-60-ghz-wireless-chips-for-vrar/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shilov |first=Anton |title=AMD Acquires 60 GHz Wireless IP and Staff from Nitero |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/11268/amd-acquires-60ghz-ip-and-staff-from-nitero |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=anandtech.com}}</ref>
|[[WiGig|60&nbsp;GHz wireless]] IP (headset [[Augmented reality|AR]] and [[Virtual reality|VR]])
|Undisclosed
|-
|October 27, 2020
|[[Xilinx]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Jane Lanhee |date=February 14, 2022 |title=AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amd-closes-biggest-chip-acquisition-with-498-bln-purchase-xilinx-2022-02-14/ |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
|Custom chips (FPGA, adaptive SoCs, [[system on module]]s, IA accelerator)
|$49,000 million
|-
|April 4, 2022
|Pensando<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/04/amd-to-acquire-data-center-optimization-startup-pensando-for-2b/|title=AMD to acquire data center optimization startup Pensando for $2B|website=TechCrunch|date=April 4, 2022|author=Ron Miller|access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|Data center, cloud solutions and [[Data processing unit|DPUs]]
|$1,900 million
|-
|August 29, 2023
|Mipsology<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=AMD acquires Mipsology to ramp up AI inference rivalry with Nvidia |url=https://www.channelweb.co.uk/news/4123572/amd-acquires-mipsology-ramp-ai-inference-rivalry-nvidia |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.channelweb.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
|AI inference software
|Undisclosed
|-
|October 10, 2023
|Nod.ai<ref name=TechCrunch/><ref name=CNBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/10/amd-acquires-nodai-ai-startup-as-it-seeks-to-catch-up-with-nvidia.html|title=AMD to acquire AI software startup as it seeks to catch up with Nvidia|website=CNBC|date=October 10, 2023|author=Hayden Field|access-date=November 19, 2023}}</ref> 
|Open-source AI software
|Undisclosed
|-
|July 10, 2024
|Silo AI<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |date=July 10, 2024 |title=AMD to acquire Finnish startup Silo AI for $665 mln to step up in AI race |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/amd-acquire-finnish-startup-silo-ai-665-mln-step-up-ai-race-2024-07-10/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|AI software
|$665 million
|-
|August 19, 2024
|ZT Systems<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |date=August 19, 2024 |title=AMD to acquire server builder ZT Systems for $4.9 billion in cash and stock |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amd-acquire-server-builder-zt-systems-49-billion-cash-stock-2024-08-19/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
|Data center hardware
|$4,900 million
|}

=== Corporate responsibility ===
* In its 2022 report, AMD stated that it aimed to embed environmental sustainability across its business, promote safe and responsible workplaces in its global supply chain and advance stronger communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/corporate/cr/2022-23-amd-cr-report.pdf |title=2022–23 Corporate Responsibility Report |publisher=AMD |access-date=January 14, 2025}}</ref>
* In 2022, AMD achieved a 19 percent reduction in its Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions compared to 2020. Based on AMD calculations that are third-party verified (limited level assurance).<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=AMD Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/corporate-responsibility/environmental-sustainability.html#goals |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=AMD Environmental Sustainability}}</ref>

=== Other initiatives ===
* [[The Green Grid]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Green Grid |url=https://www.thegreengrid.org/ |website=Thegreengrid.org}}</ref> founded by AMD together with other founders, such as [[IBM]], [[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] and [[Microsoft]], to seek lower power consumption for grids.