Editing 1948 Arab–Israeli War (section)

====Northern front – Galilee====
{{Further|Operation Hiram}}
[[File:Israeli mortar team outside Zafzaf in October 1948.png|thumb|upright|An Israeli mortar team outside [[Safsaf]], October 1948]]
[[File:Hiram Sasa Attack.jpg|thumb|upright|Israeli soldiers attack Sasa during Operation Hiram, October 1948]]
On 22 October, the third truce went into effect.<ref>Shapira, Anita. Yigal Allon; Native Son; A Biography Translated by Evelyn Abel, University of Pennsylvania Press {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4028-3}} p. 247</ref> Irregular Arab forces refused to recognise the truce, and continued to harass Israeli forces and settlements in the north. On the same day that the truce came into effect, the [[Arab Liberation Army]] violated the truce by attacking [[Manara, Israel|Manara]], capturing the strongpoint of Sheikh Abed, repulsing counterattacks by local Israeli units, and ambushed Israeli forces attempting to relieve Manara. The IDF's [[Carmeli Brigade]] lost 33 dead and 40 wounded.<ref>Gelber, 2006, p. 33</ref> Manara and [[Misgav Am]] were totally cut off, and Israel's protests at the UN failed to change the situation.

On 24 October, the IDF launched [[Operation Hiram]] and captured the entire [[upper Galilee]] area, driving the ALA back to Lebanon, and ambushing and destroying an entire Syrian battalion.<ref name="Karsh2002p68" /> The Israeli force of four infantry brigades was commanded by [[Moshe Carmel]].<ref name="Karsh2002p68" /> The entire operation lasted just 60 hours, during which numerous villages were captured, often after locals or Arab forces put up resistance.<ref name="Karsh2002p68" /> Arab losses were estimated at 400 dead and 550 taken prisoner, with low Israeli casualties.<ref name="Karsh2002p68" />

Some prisoners were reportedly executed by the Israeli forces. An estimated 50,000 Palestinian refugees fled into Lebanon, some of them fleeing ahead of the advancing forces, and some expelled from villages which had resisted, while the Arab inhabitants of those villages which had remained at peace were allowed to remain and became Israeli citizens. The villagers of [[Iqrit]] and Birim were persuaded to leave their homes by Israeli authorities, who promised them that they would be allowed to return. Israel eventually decided not to allow them to return, and offered them financial compensation, which they refused to accept.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussein |first=Hussein Abu |title=Access Denied: Palestinian Land Rights in Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4hdL3AtNhw4C&pg=PA85|publisher=Zed Books |year=2003 |page=85 |isbn=978-1-84277-122-8}}</ref>

At the end of the month, the IDF had captured the whole of Galilee, driven all ALA forces out of Israel, and had advanced {{convert|5|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=off}} into [[Lebanon]] to the [[Litani River]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/operation_Hiram.htm |title=Operation Hiram |publisher=Zionism-israel.com |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524084536/http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/operation_Hiram.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> occupying thirteen Lebanese villages. In the village of [[Hula, Lebanon|Hula]], two Israeli officers [[Hula massacre|killed]] between 35 and 58 prisoners as retaliation for the [[Haifa Oil Refinery massacre]]. Both officers were later put on trial for their actions.