Editing Russia (section)

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Russia}}
[[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]], the most prestigious educational institution in Russia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university |title=Lomonosov Moscow State University |work=[[QS World University Rankings]] |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref>]]
Russia has an adult [[literate|literacy rate]] of 100%,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=RU |title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> and has [[compulsory education]] for a duration of 11 years, exclusively for children aged 7 to 17–18.<ref name="Nuffic-2019"/> It grants [[free education]] to its citizens by constitution.<ref name="CEPES">{{cite book |date=1997 |last=Kouptsov |first=Oleg |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129839 |title=Mutual recognition of qualifications: the Russian Federation and the other European countries |location=[[Bucharest]] |publisher=[[UNESCO-CEPES]] |page=25 |isbn=929-0-69146-8}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education of Russia]] is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education, while the [[Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of Russia]] is responsible for science and higher education.<ref name="Nuffic-2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |title=Education system Russia |publisher=[[Nuffic]] |version=3 |location=The Hague |date=October 2019 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726203317/https://www.nuffic.nl/sites/default/files/2020-08/education-system-russia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the [[List of countries by tertiary education attainment|sixth-highest proportion]] of [[tertiary education|tertiary-level graduates]] in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/population-with-tertiary-education.htm |title=Population with tertiary education |website=[[OECD]] Data |doi=10.1787/0b8f90e9-en |year=2022 |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> It spent roughly 4.7% of its GDP on education in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=RU |title=Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

Russia's [[pre-school]] education system is highly developed and optional,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taratukhina |first1=Maria S. |last2=Polyakova |first2=Marina N. |last3=Berezina |first3=Tatyana A. |last4=Notkina |first4=Nina A. |last5=Sheraizina |first5=Roza M. |last6=Borovkov |first6=Mihail I. |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng |title=Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation |year=2006 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate.<ref name="Nuffic-2019"/> An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level.<ref name="Educationb">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Housing#ref38625 |title=Russia – Education |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:<ref name="CEPES"/> first-degree courses usually take five years.<ref name="Educationb"/> The oldest and largest [[List of institutions of higher education in Russia|universities]] in Russia are [[Moscow State University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridder-Symoens |first=Hilde de |title=History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) |url={{GBurl|id=ZHMjzvAxHF0C}} |date=1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=[[A History of the University in Europe]] |pages=80–89 |isbn=978-0-521-36106-4}}</ref> There are ten highly prestigious [[Template:Federal universities of Russia|federal universities]] across the country. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for [[international student]]s in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow |title=Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>