Editing Recorder (musical instrument) (section)

===== "Double recorder" =====
{{multiple image
<!-- Layout parameters -->
 | align             = <!-- right (default), left, center, none --> 
 | direction         = <!-- horizontal (default), vertical -->
 | background color  = <!-- box background -->
 | total_width       = <!-- total width of all the displayed images in pixels (an integer, omit "px" suffix) -->
 | caption_align     = <!-- left (default), center, right --> 

<!-- Header -->
 | header_background = 
 | header_align      = <!-- center (default), left, right -->
 | header            = 

<!--image 1-->
 | image1            =Double fipple flutes, detail of painting The Concert of Angels by Gaudenzio Ferrari.jpg
 | width1            =250
 | caption1          =  Circa 1534—1536, Italy. Double fipple flute played like [[aulos]], detail from a painting The Concert of Angels by [[Gaudenzio Ferrari]].
<!--image 2-->
 | image2            = Simone Martini 037.jpg
 | width2            =133
 | caption2          = Circa 1312—1317, Italy. Flutes and gittern, from scenes from the life of St. Martin of Tours, by [[Simone Martini]].
<!--image 3-->
 | image3            = Double fipple flute played side-by-side, detail from a painting The Concert of Angels by Gaudenzio Ferrari.jpg
 | width3            =122
 | caption3          = Circa 1534—1536, Italy. Double fipple flute played side-by-side, detail from a painting The Concert of Angels by [[Gaudenzio Ferrari]].
}}
Some paintings from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries depict musicians playing what appear to be two end-blown flutes simultaneously. In some cases, the two flutes are evidently disjoint, separate flutes of similar make, played angled away from each other, one pipe in each hand. In others, flutes of the same length have differing hand positions. In a final case, the pipes are parallel, in contact with each other, and differ in length.<ref name="dolciflauti » Double Recorder">{{Cite web|title = dolciflauti » Double Recorder|url = http://www.livirghi.com/instruments-of-the-middle-age/flutes-of-the-middle-ages/|website = www.livirghi.com|access-date = 7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Catalogus: A Corpus of Trecento Pictures with Musical Subject Matter|last = Brown|first = Howard Mayer|publisher = Imago Musicae|ref=none}}</ref> While the iconographic criteria for a recorder are typically a clearly recognisable labium and a double handed vertical playing technique,<ref name=":8" /> such criteria are not prescriptive, and it is uncertain whether any of these depictions should be considered a single instrument, or constitute a kind of recorder. The identification of the instrument depicted is further complicated by the symbolism of the [[aulos]], a double piped instrument associated with the satyr [[Marsyas]] of [[Greek mythology]].

An instrument consisting of two attached, parallel, end-blown flutes of differing length, dating to the fifteenth or sixteenth century, was found in poor condition near All Souls College in Oxford. The instrument has four holes finger-holes and a thumb hole for each hand. The pipes have an inverted conical "choke" bore (see [[#Structure 2|Renaissance structure]]). Bob Marvin has estimated that the pipes played a fifth apart, at approximately C<sub>5</sub> and G<sub>5</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fomrhi.org/uploads/bulletins/Fomrhi-031.pdf |first=Bob |last=Marvin |title=A Double Recorder |journal=FoMHRI Quarterly|publisher=Fellowship of Makers and Researchers of Historical Instruments|date=April 1983 |issue= 31 |others=Communication 453 |pages=42–43 |access-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> The instrument is [[sui generis]]. Although the instrument's pipes have thumb holes, the lack of organological precedent makes classification of the instrument difficult. Marvin has used the terms "double recorder" and the categorisation-agnostic {{Lang|it|flauto doppio}} (double flute) to describe the Oxford instrument.

Marvin has designed a {{Lang|it|flauto doppio}} based on the Oxford instrument, scaled to play at F<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>5</sub>. Italian recorder maker Francesco Livirghi has designed a double recorder or {{Lang|it|flauto doppio}} with connected, angled pipes of the same length but played with different hand positions, based on iconographic sources. Its pipes play at F<sub>4</sub> and B{{music|flat}}<sub>4</sub>.<ref name="dolciflauti » Double Recorder"/> Both instruments use fingerings of the makers' design.