Editing Postpartum depression (section)

=== North America ===
==== United States ====

Within the United States, the prevalence of postpartum depression was lower than the global approximation at 11.5% but varied between states from as low as 8% to as high as 20.1%.<ref name="Ko_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ko JY, Rockhill KM, Tong VT, Morrow B, Farr SL | title = Trends in Postpartum Depressive Symptoms - 27 States, 2004, 2008, and 2012 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 66 | issue = 6 | pages = 153–158 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28207685 | pmc = 5657855 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6606a1 }}</ref> The highest prevalence in the US is found among women who are American Indian/Alaska Natives or Asian/Pacific Islanders, possess less than 12 years of education, are unmarried, smoke during pregnancy, experience over two stressful life events, or have full-term infant is low-birthweight or was admitted to a NICU. While US prevalence decreased from 2004 to 2012, it did not decrease among American Indian/Alaska Native women or those with full term, low-birthweight infants.<ref name="Ko_2017" />

Even with the variety of studies, it is difficult to find the exact rate as approximately 60% of US women are not diagnosed and of those diagnosed, approximately 50% are not treated for PPD.<ref name="Ko_2017" /> Cesarean section rates did not affect the rates of PPD. While there is discussion of postpartum depression in fathers, there is no formal diagnosis for postpartum depression in fathers.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schumacher M, Zubaran C, White G | title = Bringing birth-related paternal depression to the fore | journal = Women and Birth | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–70 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18479990 | doi = 10.1016/j.wombi.2008.03.008 }}</ref>

==== Canada ====
Canada has one of the largest refugee resettlement in the world with an equal percentage of women to men. This means that Canada has a disproportionate percentage of women who develop postpartum depression since there is an increased risk among the refugee population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown-Bowers A, McShane K, Wilson-Mitchell K, Gurevich M | title = Postpartum depression in refugee and asylum-seeking women in Canada: A critical health psychology perspective | journal = Health | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 318–335 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25389234 | doi = 10.1177/1363459314554315 | s2cid = 206717561 }}</ref> In a blind study, where women had to reach out and participate, around 27% of the sample population had symptoms consistent with postpartum depression without even knowing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bowen A, Muhajarine N | title = Prevalence of antenatal depression in women enrolled in an outreach program in Canada | journal = Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 491–498 | date = 2006 | pmid = 16881993 | doi = 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00064.x }}</ref> Also found that on average 8.46 women had minor and major PPDS was found to be 8.46 and 8.69% respectively. The main factors that were found to contribute to this study were the stress during pregnancy, the availability of support after, and a prior diagnosis of depression were all found to be factors.<ref name="Lanes_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lanes A, Kuk JL, Tamim H | title = Prevalence and characteristics of postpartum depression symptomatology among Canadian women: a cross-sectional study | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | page = 302 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21569372 | pmc = 3118237 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-11-302 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Canada has specific population demographics that also involve a large amount of immigrant and indigenous women which creates a specific cultural demographic localized to Canada. In this study, researchers found that these two populations were at significantly higher risk compared to "Canadian-born non-indigenous mothers".<ref name="Lanes_2011" /> This study found that risk factors such as low education, low-income cut-off, taking antidepressants, and low social support are all factors that contribute to the higher percentage of these populations developing PPDS.<ref name="Lanes_2011" /> Specifically, indigenous mothers had the most risk factors than immigrant mothers with non-indigenous Canadian women being closer to the overall population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Daoud N, O'Brien K, O'Campo P, Harney S, Harney E, Bebee K, Bourgeois C, Smylie J | title = Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada | journal = Canadian Journal of Public Health | volume = 110 | issue = 4 | pages = 440–452 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 30767191 | pmc = 6964473 | doi = 10.17269/s41997-019-00182-8 }}</ref>