Editing Pope Pius IX (section)

==Legacy==
Pius IX celebrated his [[silver jubilee]] in 1871, going on to have the [[List of popes by length of reign|longest reign in the history of the post-apostolic papacy]], 31 years, 7 months, and 23 days. As his temporal sovereignty was lost, the Church rallied around him, and the papacy became more centralized, encouraged by his personal habits of simplicity.{{sfn|Franzen|1991|pp=336ff}} Pius IX's pontificate marks the beginning of the modern papacy: from his time on, it has become increasingly a spiritual rather than temporal authority.

Having started as a liberal, Pius IX turned conservative after being chased from Rome. Thereafter, he was considered politically conservative, but a restless and radical reformer and innovator of Church life and structures. Church life, religious vocations, new foundations and religious enthusiasm all flourished at the end of his pontificate.{{sfnm |1a1=Duffy |1y=1997 |1p=324 |2a1=Schmidlin |2y=1922–1939 |2pp=292ff}} Politically, he suffered the isolation of the papacy from most major world powers: "the prisoner of the Vatican" had poor relations with [[Pope Pius IX and Russia|Russia]], [[Kulturkampf|Germany]], the United States, and France, and open hostility with Italy. Yet he was most popular with the remaining Catholic faithful in all these countries, in many of which Pope Pius associations were formed in his support.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} He made lasting ecclesiastical history with his 1854 [[infallible]] decision of the [[Immaculate Conception]], which was the basis for the later dogma on the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]. His other lasting contribution is the invocation of the [[ecumenical council]] [[First Vatican Council|Vatican One]], which promulgated the definition of Papal [[infallibility]]. With his advice he helped [[John Bosco]] found the [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesian Society]], for which reason he is also called "don Bosco's Pope".<ref>IX. Piusz, don Bosco pápája, in: Don Bosco Kalendárium 2011, Szalézi Szent Ferenc Társasága Budapest 2010, site 8.</ref>
* In two nights after his 1846 pardon freeing all political prisoners, thousands of Romans with torches roamed to the [[Quirinal Palace]], where Pius IX lived, celebrating the pope with ''Evvivas'', speeches and music through both nights. The Pope went several times to the balcony to give his blessing. On the third day, when his horse-drawn carriage left the Palace to move to the Vatican, Romans unhitched the horses and pulled the papal carriage on their own.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=26}}
* On 16 November 1848, a crowd of revolutionaries moved to the Quirinal and the Parliament to present to the Pope their demands, especially war against Austria. The Pope reportedly replied, his dignity as head of state and of the church does not permit him to fulfil conditions of rebels. Following this, the Quirinal was covered by cannon fire, which caused several deaths. After that, to save lives, the Pope agreed to a list of proposed ministers, although stating that he would abstain from any cooperation with them.{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|pp=29ff}}
* After the French troops, who had previously protected the Papal States, left Rome, an Italian army with 60,000 men approached the city, which was defended by only 10,000 Papal soldiers. The Pope instructed his hopelessly outnumbered soldiers to give only token resistance and to enter an armistice after the first defeat because the Deputy of Christ does not shed blood. When the old [[Porta Pia]] was bombarded, opening a huge hole for the invaders, the Pope asked the white flag to be shown. It was his last act as ruler of the [[Papal States]].{{sfn|Schmidlin|1922–1939|p=89}} The last Papal shot at the Porta Pia was fired by an Austrian alumnus of the [[Stella Matutina (Jesuit school)|Stella Matutina]].{{sfn|Knünz|1956}}
* Pius IX was lampooned in a pun on the Italian version of his name (''Pio Nono'' – ''Nono'' meaning "Ninth"), as ''Pio No No''.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
* His occasional mood changes and emotional outbursts have been interpreted as symptoms of his [[epilepsy]].{{sfn|Sirven|Drazkowski|Noe|2007}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Schneble |first=H. |url=http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/alt/piusixen.html |title=Pope Pious IX, epilepsy. Famous people who suffered from epilepsy. Pious IX |publisher=Epilepsiemuseum.de |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2018}}
* One enduring popular touch lies in Pius IX's artistic legacy as author of the Italian-language lyrics of Italy's best-known indigenous Christmas carol, "[[Tu scendi dalle stelle]]" ("From starry skies descended"), originally a [[Neapolitan language]] song written by [[Alphonsus Liguori]].
* During his stay in the [[Kingdom of Two Sicilies]], on 8 September 1849, Pope Pius IX had the experience of a train trip from [[Portici]] to [[Pagani, Campania|Pagani]], so he became enthusiastic about this modern invention. When he went back to his seat in Rome, he promoted the growth of a railroad network, starting in 1856 with the [[Rome and Frascati Rail Road]]. By 1870, the length of railway lines built in the [[Papal States]] was {{convert|317|km}}. He also introduced [[gas lighting]] and the [[Electrical telegraph]] to the Papal States.
* To commemorate his term as pope, a [[Montreal]] street is called [[Pie-IX Boulevard]] (Pie-Neuf). There is also a stop on [[Montreal Metro]] system called [[Pie-IX (Montreal Metro)|Pie-IX]] serving the [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]], which is located alongside Pie-IX Boulevard. In addition, streets in [[Santiago]], Chile, and [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], Georgia, are called Pío Nono, Italian for Pius IX, and a secondary school has the same name (Pio IX) in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. Various sweets in [[Spain]], [[Latin America]], and the [[Philippines]] are also named [[pionono]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth R. |title=From Pius IX to 'Pio Nono' |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/81570/from-pius-ix-to-pio-nono |access-date=22 April 2019 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=9 January 2015}}</ref>
*In the [[Luigi Magni]] film ''[[In the Name of the Sovereign People]]'' (1990), Pius IX is played by [[Gianni Bonagura]].
*In the [[Marco Bellocchio]] film ''[[Kidnapped (2023 film)|Kidnapped]]'' (2023), Pius IX is played by Paolo Pierobon.
*[[Pionono]] pastries from Spain, the Philippines, South America, and the Caribbean, are  named after Pope Pius IX's name in Italian ''Pío Nono.'' 
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