Editing Peninsular War (section)

==Aftermath==
{{see also|History of Spain (1810–73)}}

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[[File:Napoleon Bonaparte auf Elba.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|alt=Napoleon on the island of Elba.|''Horace Vernet: Napoleon on the Island of Elba Awaiting the brig'' Inconstant. (1863)]]

[[Ferdinand VII]] remained King of Spain having been acknowledged on 11 December 1813 by Napoleon in the [[Treaty of Valençay]]. The remaining ''[[afrancesados]]'' were exiled to France. The whole country had been pillaged by Napoleon's troops. The Catholic Church had been ruined by its losses and society subjected to destabilizing change.{{sfn|Esdaile|2003|p=505}}{{sfn|Esdaile|2003|p=508}}

With Napoleon exiled to the island of [[Elba]], [[Louis XVIII]] was restored to the French throne.

British troops were partly sent to England, and partly embarked at Bordeaux for America for service in the final months of the [[American War of 1812]].

After the Peninsular War, the pro-independence traditionalists and liberals clashed in the [[Carlist War]]s, as King [[Ferdinand VII]] ("the Desired One"; later "the Traitor King") revoked all the changes made by the independent [[Cortes Generales]] in Cádiz, the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Constitution of 1812]] on 4 May 1814. Military officers forced Ferdinand to accept the Cádiz Constitution again in 1820, and was in effect until April 1823, during what is known as the [[Trienio Liberal]].

The experience in self-government led the later ''[[Libertadores]]'' (Liberators) to promote the independence of [[Spanish America]].

Portugal's position was more favorable than Spain's. Revolt had not spread to Brazil, there was no colonial struggle and there had been no attempt at political revolution.{{sfn|Esdaile|2003|p=507}} The Portuguese Court's transfer to Rio de Janeiro initiated the [[independence of Brazil]] in 1822.

The war against Napoleon remains as one of the bloodiest events in Spain's modern history.{{sfn|Prados de la Escosura|2018|pp=18, 31}}