Editing Newfoundland and Labrador (section)

===Literature===
{{See also|Newfoundland in fiction}}
[[File:Author Michael Crummey, May 28 2014.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Michael Crummey]] is a contemporary novelist from Newfoundland and Labrador.]]

[[Margaret Duley]] (1894–1968) was Newfoundland's first novelist to gain an international audience. Her works include ''The Eyes of the Gull'' (1936), ''Cold Pastoral'' (1939) and ''Highway to Valour'' (1941).<ref>Patrick O'Flaherty, ''The Rock Observed: Studies in the Literature of Newfoundland''. (University of Toronto Press, 1979).</ref> Subsequent novelists include [[Harold Horwood]], author of ''Tomorrow Will Be Sunday'' (1966) and ''White Eskimo'' (1972), and [[Percy Janes]], author of ''House of Hate'' (1970).<ref>Patrick O'Flaherty, ''The Rock Observed''</ref> [[Michael Crummey]]'s debut novel, ''River Thieves'' (2001), became a Canadian bestseller.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopaedia">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michael-crummey|title=Michael Crummey|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=August 18, 2019|archive-date=August 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185509/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/michael-crummey|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wayne Johnston (writer)|Wayne Johnston's]] fiction deals primarily with the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, often in a historical setting;<ref name=canenc1>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wayne-johnston|title=Wayne Johnston|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=August 18, 2019|archive-date=August 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185448/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wayne-johnston|url-status=live}}</ref> His novels include ''The Story of Bobby O'Malley'', ''The Time of Their Lives'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynejohnston.ca/authorbio.html|title=Welcome to Wayne Johnston's website|website=waynejohnston.ca|access-date=November 25, 2015|archive-date=January 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110041919/http://waynejohnston.ca/authorbio.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2017}} ''The Divine Ryans'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://waynejohnston.ca/thedivineryans.html|title=Welcome to Wayne Johnston's website|website=waynejohnston.ca|access-date=November 25, 2015|archive-date=January 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110041922/http://waynejohnston.ca/thedivineryans.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Colony of Unrequited Dreams]]'', a historical portrayal of Newfoundland politician [[Joey Smallwood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/1999/tcr/0727n05.htm|title=Newfoundland author featured on cover of New York Times Book Review|website=releases.gov.nl.ca|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=December 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227060226/https://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/1999/tcr/0727n05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/a-world-elsewhere-1.398|title=A World Elsewhere|last=Battersby|first=Eileen|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103104121/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/a-world-elsewhere-1.398|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lisa Moore (writer)|Lisa Moore's]] first novel, ''Alligator'' (2005), is set in St. John's and incorporates her Newfoundland heritage.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lisa-moore| title=Lisa Moore| encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| access-date=August 18, 2019| archive-date=August 18, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185449/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lisa-moore| url-status=live}}</ref> Other contemporary novelists include [[Joel Thomas Hynes]], author of ''[[We'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night]]'' (2017), [[Jessica Grant]], author of ''Come Thou Tortoise'' (2009), and [[Kenneth J. Harvey]], author of ''The Town That Forgot How to Breathe'' (2003), ''Inside'' (2006) and ''Blackstrap Hawco'' (2008).

[[File:Edwin J. Pratt.JPG|thumb|upright|[[E. J. Pratt]] wrote a number of poems describing maritime life and the history of Canada.]]
The earliest works of poetry in [[British North America]], mainly written by visitors and targeted at a European audience, described the new territories in optimistic terms. One of the first works was [[Robert Hayman]]'s ''Quodlibets'', a collection of verses composed in Newfoundland and published in 1628.

In the [[oral tradition]] of [[County Waterford]], the [[Munster Irish]] poet [[Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara]], a former [[hedge school]] teacher, is said to have sailed for Newfoundland around 1743, allegedly to escape the wrath of a man whose daughter the poet had impregnated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://waterfordireland.tripod.com/donncha_ruadh_macconmara.htm |title=Donnchadh Ruadh |access-date=January 1, 2023 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221124036/http://waterfordireland.tripod.com/donncha_ruadh_macconmara.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 21st century, however, [[linguist]]s discovered that several of Donnchadh Ruadh's poems in the [[Irish language]] contain multiple Gaelicized words and terms known to be unique to [[Newfoundland English]]. For this reason, Donnchadh Ruadh's poems are considered the earliest literature in the [[Irish language in Newfoundland]].<ref>Edited by Natasha Sumner and Aidan Doyle (2020), ''North American Gaels: Speech, Song, and Story in the Diaspora'', [[McGill-Queen's University Press]]. Pages 73–91.</ref>

After the Second World War, Newfoundland poet [[E. J. Pratt]] described the struggle to make a living from the sea in poems about maritime life and the history of Canada, including in his 1923 "breakthrough collection" ''Newfoundland Verse''.<ref name="online">"[http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/pratt/ E. J. Pratt:Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110163840/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/pratt/ |date=January 10, 2015 }}," Canadian Poetry Online, University of Toronto Libraries. Web, March 17, 2011.</ref><ref>Brian Trehearne ed., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=BZJGnhAQT6cC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false E. J. Pratt 1882–1964] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513184116/https://books.google.com/books?id=BZJGnhAQT6cC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=May 13, 2016 }}," ''Canadian Poetry 1920 to 1960'' (Toronto: McLelland & Stewart, 2010), 21. Google Books, Web, March 20, 2011.</ref><ref name="vulpe">Nicola Vulpe, "[http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/pratt-ej-18821964-tf/ Pratt, E.J. 1882–1964]," ''Reader's Guide to Literature in English''. BookRags.com, Web, March 26, 2011.</ref><ref name="pitt">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edwin-john-pratt|title=Edwin John Pratt|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=August 18, 2019|archive-date=August 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818185447/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/edwin-john-pratt|url-status=live}}</ref> Amongst more recent poets are [[Tom Dawe]], [[Al Pittman]], [[Mary Dalton]], [[Agnes Walsh]], [[Patrick Warner]]<ref>[http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/arts/patrick-warner.php Patrick Warner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110041930/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/arts/patrick-warner.php |date=January 10, 2016 }}.</ref> and [[John Steffler]]. Canadian poet [[Don McKay (poet)|Don McKay]] has resided in St. John's in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKay |first1=Don |title=Don McKay – Brick Books |url=http://www.brickbooks.ca/bookauthors/don-mckay/ |website=brickbooks.ca |access-date=November 26, 2015 |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126105352/http://www.brickbooks.ca/bookauthors/don-mckay/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1967 the St. John's Arts and Culture Centre was opened along with the first all-Canadian Dominion Drama Festival: 
::Playwrights across Canada began writing, and this explosion was also felt in Newfoundland and Labrador. Subregional festivals saw Newfoundland plays compete—''Wreakers'' by [[Cassie Brown]], ''Tomorrow Will Be Sunday'' by [[Tom Cahill (playwright)|Tom Cahill]], and ''Holdin' Ground'' by [[Ted Russell (Canadian politician)|Ted Russell]]. Cahill's play went on to receive top honours and a performance at [[Expo 67]] in Montreal. Joining Brown and Cahill in the seventies were [[Michael Cook (playwright)|Michael Cook]] and [[Al Pittman]], both prolific writers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/arts/playwrights.php|title=Playwrights|website=heritage.nf.ca|access-date=November 26, 2015|archive-date=November 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126122112/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/arts/playwrights.php|url-status=live}}</ref>