Editing Miscarriage (section)

==Other animals==
Spontaneous abortion is known from multiple species of non-hominid placental mammal and other vertebrates with convergent embryonic development, such as [[elasmobranch]] fishes. There are a variety of known risk factors; for example, in sheep, miscarriage may be caused by crowding through doors or being chased by dogs.<ref>Spencer, James.  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RXMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124 Sheep Husbandry in Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203629/https://books.google.com/books?id=RXMuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=abortion+and+husbandry&ct=result |date=September 24, 2015 }}'', page 124 (1911).</ref> In cows, spontaneous abortion may be caused by contagious diseases, such as [[brucellosis]] or ''[[Campylobacter]]'', but often can be controlled by vaccination.<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/B/BeefCattleAndBeefProduction/ManagementAndHusbandryOfBeefCattle/en "Beef cattle and Beef production: Management and Husbandry of Beef Cattle"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101142401/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/B/BeefCattleAndBeefProduction/ManagementAndHusbandryOfBeefCattle/en |date=January 1, 2009 }}, ''Encyclopaedia of New Zealand'' (1966).</ref> In many species of sharks and rays, stress-induced miscarriage occurs frequently on capture.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Adams KR, Fetterplace LC, Davis AR, Taylor MD, Knott NA|title=Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs|journal=Biological Conservation|date=January 2018|volume=217|pages=11–27|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010|bibcode=2018BCons.217...11A |s2cid=90834034 |url=http://marxiv.org/k2qvy/|access-date=July 12, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223020619/https://marxiv.org/k2qvy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other diseases and risks are also known to make animals susceptible to miscarriage. Spontaneous abortion occurs in pregnant [[prairie vole]]s when their mate is removed and they are exposed to a new male,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fraser-Smith AC | title = Male-induced pregnancy termination in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster | journal = Science | volume = 187 | issue = 4182 | pages = 1211–3 | date = March 1975 | pmid = 1114340 | doi = 10.1126/science.1114340 | bibcode = 1975Sci...187.1211S }}</ref> an example of the [[Bruce effect]], although this effect is seen less in wild populations than in the laboratory.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00265-002-0484-0 |title=A field test of the Bruce effect in the monogamous prairie vole (''Microtus ochrogaster'') |year=2002 |last1=Mahady |first1=Scott |last2=Wolff |first2=Jerry |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=31–7 |jstor=4602102|s2cid=10952123 }}</ref> Female mice who had spontaneous abortions showed a sharp rise in the amount of time spent with unfamiliar males preceding the abortion than those who did not.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker SD, Hurst JL | title = Female behaviour plays a critical role in controlling murine pregnancy block | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 276 | issue = 1662 | pages = 1723–9 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19324836 | pmc = 2660991 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2008.1780 | jstor = 30245000 }}</ref>