Editing Knoxville, Tennessee (section)

===Transportation===
====Highways====
[[File:Knoxville-hall-of-fame-drive-tn1.jpg|right|thumb|The James White Parkway connects [[Interstate 40|I-40]] with Downtown Knoxville.]]

The two principal interstate highways serving Knoxville are [[Interstate 40 in Tennessee|Interstate 40]], which connects the city to [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]] (directly) and [[Bristol, Tennessee|Bristol]] (via [[Interstate 81 in Tennessee|I-81]]) to the east and [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] to the west, and [[Interstate 75]], which connects the city to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] to the south and [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] to the north. The two interstates merge about {{convert|20|mi}} west of Downtown Knoxville near [[Dixie Lee Junction, Tennessee|Dixie Lee Junction]] and diverge as they approach the Downtown area, with I-40 continuing on through the Downtown area and I-75 turning north. [[Interstate 640]] provides a [[bypass (road)|bypass]] for I-40 travelers, and [[Interstate 275 (Tennessee)|Interstate 275]] provides a faster connection to I-75 for Downtown travelers headed north. A spur route of I-40, [[Pellissippi Parkway|Interstate 140]] (Pellissippi Parkway), connects West Knoxville with [[McGhee Tyson Airport]] and Maryville.<ref name=tdotmap>{{cite map |author = Tennessee Department of Transportation Long Range Planning Division Office of Data Visualization|title = Knox County|year = 2018|url = https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/tdot/maps/county-maps-(us-shields)/h-m/Knox%20County.pdf|publisher = [[Tennessee Department of Transportation]]}}</ref>

Prior to its reconstruction for the 1982 World's Fair tourism traffic, the interchange of I-75 (now I-275) and I-40 was known as "Malfunction Junction", because its consistent state of traffic jammed throughout daily.<ref name="lakinjct">{{cite news |last=Lakin |first=Matt |title=Junction for malfunction |url=http://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/junction-for-malfunction-ep-360224674-356724351.html |access-date=December 27, 2020 |work=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]] |date=August 26, 2012}}</ref>

Knoxville's busiest road is a stretch of [[U.S. Route 129 in Tennessee|U.S. Route 129]] known as Alcoa Highway, which connects the Downtown area with McGhee Tyson Airport and Maryville.<ref>[http://knoxvillebookoflists.com/?djoPage=view_html&djoPid=19917 Knoxville Book of Lists—Knox Co.'s Busiest Roads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214120239/http://www.knoxvillebookoflists.com/?djoPage=view_html&djoPid=19917 |date=February 14, 2012 }}, Knoxvillebiz.com (''Knoxville News Sentinel''), 2012. Retrieved: January 11, 2012.</ref> A merged stretch of [[U.S. Route 70 in Tennessee|US-70]] and [[U.S. Route 11 in Tennessee|US-11]] enters the city from the east along Magnolia Avenue, winds its way through the Downtown area, crosses the U.T. campus along Cumberland Avenue ("The Strip"), and proceeds through West Knoxville along [[Kingston Pike]]. US-11 splits into [[U.S. Route 11E|US-11E]] and [[U.S. Route 11W|11W]] in Downtown, with the former connecting Knoxville to [[Jefferson City, Tennessee|Jefferson City]] and [[Morristown, Tennessee|Morristown]], and the latter with [[Rutledge, Tennessee|Rutledge]] and [[Bean Station, Tennessee|Bean Station]]. [[U.S. Route 441 in Tennessee|US-441]], which connects Knoxville to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, passes along Broadway in North Knoxville, Henley Street in the Downtown area, and Chapman Highway in South Knoxville. [[U.S. Route 25W (Tennessee)|US-25W]], which enters from the east concurrent with US-70, connects Knoxville with [[Clinton, Tennessee|Clinton]].<ref name=tdotmap/>

[[File:Knoxville-R.jpg|thumb|left|Bridges over the Tennessee River]]

[[Tennessee State Route 158|State Route 158]] (SR 158) loops around the Downtown area from Kingston Pike just west of UT's campus, southward and eastward along Neyland Drive and the riverfront, and northward along the James White Parkway before terminating at I-40. [[Tennessee State Route 62|SR 62]] (Western Avenue, Oak Ridge Highway), connects Downtown Knoxville with [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] to the west. [[Tennessee State Route 168|SR 168]], known as Governor John Sevier Highway, runs along the eastern and southern periphery of the city. [[Tennessee State Route 162|SR 162]] (Pellissippi Parkway) connects West Knoxville with Oak Ridge. [[Tennessee State Route 331|SR 331]] (Tazewell Pike) connects the [[Fountain City, Tennessee|Fountain City]] area to rural northeast Knox County. [[Tennessee State Route 332|SR 332]] (Northshore Drive) connects West Knoxville and [[Concord, Knox County, Tennessee|Concord]]. [[Tennessee State Route 33|SR 33]] (Maryville Pike, Maynardville Pike) traverses much of South Knoxville southward, and connects to the suburbs of [[Halls Crossroads, Tennessee|Halls Crossroads]] and [[Maynardville, Tennessee|Maynardville]] northward.<ref name=tdotmap/>

Four vehicle bridges connect Downtown Knoxville with South Knoxville, namely the South Knoxville Bridge (James White Parkway), the [[Gay Street Bridge]] ([[Gay Street (Knoxville)|Gay Street]]), the [[Henley Street Bridge]], or Henley Bridge (Henley Street), and the J. E. "Buck" Karnes Bridge (Alcoa Highway). Two railroad bridges, located between the Henley Street Bridge and Buck Karnes Bridge, serve the CSX and Northfolk Southern railroads. Smaller bridges radiating out from the downtown area include the Western Avenue Viaduct and Clinch Avenue Viaduct, the Robert Booker Bridge (Summit Hill Drive), the Hill Avenue Viaduct, and the Gay Street Viaduct.<ref name=tdotmap/>

====Mass transit====
Public transportation is provided by [[Knoxville Area Transit]] (KAT), which operates over 80 buses, [[tourist trolley|road trolley]]s, and [[paratransit]] vehicles, and transports more than 3.6{{spaces}}million passengers per year. Regular routes connect the Downtown area, U.T., and most residential areas with major shopping centers throughout the city. KAT operates using city, state, and federal funds, and passenger fares, and is managed by [[Veolia Transport]].<ref>[http://www.katbus.com/ Knoxville Area Transit website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227113353/http://www.katbus.com/ |date=December 27, 2011 }}. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref>

====Airports====
Knoxville and the surrounding area is served by [[McGhee Tyson Airport]] ([[IATA]]:TYS), a {{convert|2250|acre|adj=on}} airport equipped with two runways, one a {{convert|10000|ft|adj=on}} runway, and the other a {{convert|9000|ft|adj=on}} runway. The airport is located 10 miles south of Knoxville in [[Alcoa, Tennessee|Alcoa]], but is owned by the non-profit Metropolitan Knoxville Airport Authority (MKAA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyvector.com/airport/TYS/Mc-Ghee-Tyson-Airport|title=TYS Airport data at skyvector.com |website=skyvector.com|access-date=May 11, 2023}}</ref><ref name=FAA>{{FAA-airport|ID=TYS|use=PU|own=PU|site=23046.*A}} effective April 20, 2023.</ref> McGhee Tyson offers eight major airlines serving 19 non-stop destinations, and averages 120 arrivals and departures per day. The airport includes the {{convert|21|acre|adj=on}} Air Cargo Complex, which serves FedEx, UPS, and Airborne Express. The [[McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base]], located adjacent to the civilian airport, is home to the [[Tennessee National Guard]]'s [[134th Air Refueling Wing]].<ref>[http://www.tys.org/about-us About McGhee Tyson Airport] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215025001/http://www.tys.org/about-us |date=December 15, 2012 }}. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref>

The MKAA also owns the [[Knoxville Downtown Island Airport|Downtown Island Airport]], a {{convert|200|acre|adj=on}} [[general aviation]] facility located on Dickinson's Island in southeast Knoxville. This airport is equipped with a {{convert|3500|ft|adj=on}} runway, and averages about 225 operations per day. Over 100 aircraft, mostly single-engine planes, are based at the airport.<ref>[http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=DKX FAA Master Report Record for DKX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125071637/http://www.gcr1.com/5010web/airport.cfm?Site=DKX |date=January 25, 2012 }}, July 2, 2009. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref>

====Railroads====
[[File:Map of Street Railway Lines of the Knoxville Railway and Light Company c 1907.png|thumb|Map of Street Railway Lines of the Knoxville Railway and Light Company c 1907]]

[[File:KXHRLOCAL1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Knoxville and Holston River Railroad]] MP15AC #2002 leads a train through Tyson Park near downtown Knoxville.]]
Rail freight in Knoxville is handled by two [[Class I railroad]]s, [[CSX Transportation|CSX]] and [[Norfolk Southern]], and one [[shortline railroad|shortline]], the [[Knoxville and Holston River Railroad]]. Railroads account for about 12% of the Knoxville area's outbound freight and 16% of the area's inbound freight.<ref name=krtpo>Knoxville Regional Transportation Planning Organization, [http://www.fixalcoahighway.com/files/KnoxTrans_2007_draft_update.pdf 2005–2030 Knoxville Regional Long Range Transportation Plan Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121103625/http://www.fixalcoahighway.com/files/KnoxTrans_2007_draft_update.pdf |date=January 21, 2012 }}, 2007, pp. 51–53. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref> The city has two major rail terminals: the Burkhart Enterprises terminal at the Forks of the River Industrial Park just east of the city, and the TransFlo facility adjacent to the U.T. campus.<ref name=krtpo/> Knoxville's two old passenger stations, the [[Southern Terminal, Knoxville, Tennessee|Southern Terminal]] and the [[L&N Station (Knoxville)|L&N Station]], now serve non-railroad functions.

Norfolk Southern, which controls about {{convert|210|mi}} of tracks in the Knoxville area,<ref name=krtpo/> averages 35 freight trains through the city per day,<ref>Rebecca Ferrar, "[http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/Teaming.pdf Teaming With Possibilities: Norfolk Southern Partners with UT to Go Global] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081859/http://bus.utk.edu/cba/News_Articles/Teaming.pdf |date=April 25, 2012 }}", ''Knoxnews.com'', January 15, 2006. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref> and operates a major [[classification yard]], the John Sevier Yard, just east of the city. The company uses a small rail yard near the I-40/I-275 interchange in Downtown Knoxville for a staging area.<ref name=krtpo/> The Norfolk Southern system includes spur lines to the coal fields around [[Middlesboro, Kentucky]], and the ALCOA plants in Blount County.<ref name=krtpo/>

CSX controls about {{convert|76|mi}} of tracks in the Knoxville area, much of which is located along an important north–south line between Cincinnati and Louisville to the north and Chattanooga and Atlanta to the south.<ref name=krtpo/> Minor switching operations for CSX occur at the TransFlo facility near the U.T. campus.<ref name=krtpo/> The CSX system includes spur lines to TVA's [[Bull Run Fossil Plant]] and the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] in Anderson County, and the ALCOA plants in Blount County.<ref name=krtpo/>

The Knoxville and Holston River Railroad (KXHR) is a subsidiary of [[Gulf and Ohio Railways]], a shortline holding company headquartered at the [[James Park House]] in Downtown Knoxville. The KXHR operates a {{convert|19|mi|adj=on}} line between the Burkhart terminal at Forks of the River and the Coster Yard in North Knoxville, where the freight is transferred to CSX and Norfolk Southern lines or [[transloading|transloaded]] onto trucks.<ref name=krtpo/> The KXHR also manages the [[Knoxville Locomotive Works]] at the Coster Yard, and operates the ''[[Three Rivers Rambler]]'', a tourist train that runs along the riverfront.<ref>[http://www.gulfandohio.com/railroads_tennessee_kxhr.htm Knoxville & Holston River Railroad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718132050/http://www.gulfandohio.com/railroads_tennessee_kxhr.htm |date=July 18, 2010 }}. Retrieved: December 31, 2011.</ref>

=====Historic passenger service=====
Until the mid-20th century three railroads and their stations operated regular trains, serving points north, east, south and west: the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]]'s [[L&N Station (Knoxville)|L&N Station]] (last train operating there, 1968), the [[Smoky Mountain Railroad]]'s station and the [[Southern Railway (US)|Southern Railway]]'s [[Southern Terminal, Knoxville, Tennessee|Southern Terminal]] (last train operating there, 1970).

====River transport====
Knoxville is an international port connected via navigable channels to the nation's inland waterways and the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The city's waterfront lies just under 700 river miles from the [[Mississippi River]] (via the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and [[Ohio River|Ohio]] rivers),<ref>USGS topographical maps. The entirety of the Tennessee River (652 miles), plus 46 miles along the Ohio River to where it empties into the Mississippi.</ref> and just under 900 river miles from [[Mobile, Alabama]], on the Gulf of Mexico (via the Tennessee River and [[Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway]]).<ref>Richard Simms, "[http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/nov/27/huckleberry-finn-alive-and-well/?sportsoutdoors Huckleberry Finn is Alive and Well] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510145731/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2008/nov/27/huckleberry-finn-alive-and-well/?sportsoutdoors |date=May 10, 2013 }}", ''Chattanooga Times-Free Press'', November 27, 2008. The trip is 437 miles along the Tennessee River from Knoxville to the entrance of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway (near Pickwick Landing Dam in Hardin County), 234 miles along the waterway to Demopolis, Alabama, and another 214 miles along Tombigbee and Mobile rivers to Mobile.</ref> TVA maintains a minimum {{convert|9|ft|adj=on}} channel on the entirety of the Tennessee River. The minimum size of locks on Tennessee River and Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway dams is {{convert|600|ft}} by {{convert|110|ft}}.<ref>[http://business.tenntom.org/using-the-tenn-tom/locks-and-dams/ Tennessee-Tombigbee Water—Tenn-Tom Quickfacts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123194714/http://business.tenntom.org/using-the-tenn-tom/locks-and-dams/ |date=January 23, 2012 }}. Retrieved: January 1, 2012.</ref>

Most commercial shipping on the Tennessee River is provided by [[barge]]s, which deliver on average half a million tons of cargo to Knoxville per year, mostly [[Bitumen|asphalt]], road salt, and steel and [[coke (fuel)|coke]].<ref name=rollin>Rebecca Ferrar, "[http://www.lrn.usace.army.mil/history/rollin.htm Rollin' On the River] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531162032/http://www.lrn.usace.army.mil/history/rollin.htm |date=May 31, 2012 }}", Knoxville ''News Sentinel'', August 22, 2004. Retrieved: January 1, 2012.</ref> Burkhart Enterprises operates the city's most active public barge terminal at its Forks of the River facility, handling approximately 350,000 tons of barge cargo per year.<ref name=rollin/> Knoxville Barge and Chattanooga-based Serodino, Inc., provide barge shipping services to and from the city.

Recreational craft that frequent the river include small [[johnboat]]s, fishing boats and yachts. Boat slips and a marina are located at Volunteer Landing in the Downtown area. The VOL Navy, a flotilla of several dozen boats, swarms the river during weeks when the U.T. football team plays at Neyland Stadium. Cruise lines operating in the city include the ''Volunteer Princess'', a luxury yacht, and the ''Star of Knoxville'', a [[paddle steamer|paddlewheel riverboat]].