Editing Hate crime (section)

===North America===

====Canada====
"In Canada the legal definition of a hate crime can be found in sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code".<ref name="autogenerated161">{{cite book|last=O'Grady|first=William|title=Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-543378-4|page=161}}</ref>

In 1996, the federal government amended a section of the Criminal Code that pertains to sentencing. Specifically, section 718.2. The section states (with regard to the hate crime):

{{blockquote|A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:

{{ubl
|(a) a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing,{{ubl
|(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor, ... shall be deemed to be aggravating circumstances.<ref name="autogenerated161"/>}}}}}}

A vast majority (84 percent) of hate crime perpetrators were "male, with an average age of just under 30. Less than 10 of those accused had criminal records, and less than 5 percent had previous hate crime involvement".<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Grady|first=William|title=Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-543378-4|page=163}}</ref> "Only 4 percent of hate crimes were linked to an organized or extremist group".<ref name="autogenerated162">{{cite book|last=O'Grady|first=William|title=Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-543378-4|page=162}}</ref>

As of 2004, Jewish people were the largest ethnic group targeted by hate crimes, followed by black people, Muslims, South Asians, and homosexuals (Silver et al., 2004).<ref name="autogenerated162"/> More recently, hate crimes targeting Jews accounted for 67% of all reported hate crimes targeting religions in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2024-03-13 |title=The Daily — Police-reported hate crime, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/240313/dq240313b-eng.htm |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>

During the Nazi regime in Germany, antisemitism was a cause of hate-related violence in Canada. For example, on 16 August 1933, there was a baseball game in Toronto and one team was made up mostly of Jewish players. At the end of the game, a group of Nazi sympathizers unfolded a Swastika flag and shouted "Heil Hitler." That event [[Christie Pits riot|erupted into a brawl]] that pitted Jews and Italians against Anglo Canadians; the brawl went on for hours.<ref name="autogenerated161"/>

The first time someone was charged for hate speech over the internet occurred on 27 March 1996. "A Winnipeg teenager was arrested by the police for sending an email to a local political activist that contained the message "Death to homosexuals...it's prescribed in the Bible! Better watch out next Gay Pride Week.{{'"}}<ref name="autogenerated162"/>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19 pandemic]], Canada saw a sudden rise in hate crimes based on race, religion, and sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors=Jain S | title=Hate crimes surge in Canada during pandemic | work=Reuters |date=August 5, 2022 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/hate-crimes-surge-canada-during-pandemic-2022-08-05/ | access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> [[Statistics Canada]] reported there was a 72% increase in hate crimes between 2019 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Canada sees surge in hate crimes during pandemic, new data shows | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/5/canada-sees-surge-in-hate-crimes-during-pandemic-new-data-shows | access-date=2 January 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=August 5, 2022}}</ref>

====Mexico====
Alejandro Gertz Manero, [[Attorney General of Mexico]], recommended in August [[2020 in Mexico|2020]] that all murders involving women be investigated as [[Violence against women in Mexico|femicides]]. An average of 11 women are killed every day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breña |first1=Carmen Morán |title=Las feministas saludan la rectificación del fiscal Gertz sobre el tipo penal de feminicidio |url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2020-08-14/las-feministas-saludan-la-rectificacion-del-fiscal-gertz-sobre-el-tipo-penal-de-feminicidio.html |website=EL PAÍS |access-date=August 16, 2020 |language=es |date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

Murders of LGBTQ individuals are not legally classified as hate crimes in [[Mexico]], although Luis Guzman of the ''Cohesión de Diversidades para la Sustentabilidad'' (Codise) notes that there is a lot of [[homophobia]] in Mexico, particularly in the states of [[Veracruz]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], and [[Michoacán]]. Between 2014 and May 2020, there have been 209 such murders registered.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mota |first1=J. I. |title=El asesinato de un joven homosexual en Jalisco enciende de nuevo las alarmas sobre los delitos de odio en México |url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2020-08-13/el-asesinato-de-un-joven-homosexual-en-jalisco-enciende-de-nuevo-las-alarmas-sobre-los-delitos-de-odio-en-mexico.html |website=EL PAÍS |access-date=August 16, 2020 |language=es |date=13 August 2020}}</ref>

====United States====
{{Main|Hate crime laws in the United States}}
[[File:Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.jpg|thumb|Shepard (center), Louvon Harris (left), Betty Bryd Boatner (right) with President [[Barack Obama]] in 2009 to promote the [[Hate Crimes Prevention Act]]]]

Hate crime laws have a long history in the United States. The first hate crime<ref name="hate-crime-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses_final.pdf|title=Hate Crime Statistics, 2015|date=Fall 2016|website=ucr.fbi.gov}}</ref> laws were passed after the [[American Civil War]], beginning with the [[Civil Rights Act of 1871]], in order to combat the growing number of racially motivated crimes which were being committed by the [[Reconstruction era]]—[[Ku Klux Klan]]. Following the Reconstruction era, the Jim Crow era emerged. These were laws formed and enforced to segregate and disenfranchise African Americans. These laws were in place to maintain a racial hierarchy by punishing African Americans who resisted or challenged the system. The enforcement of Jim Crow often involved violence and intimidation, including lynchings, bombings, and false arrests. In response, African Americans engaged in various forms of resistance, such as public protests and sit-ins. The modern era of hate-crime legislation began in 1968 with the passage of federal statute, 18 U.S.C.A. § 249, part of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|Civil Rights Act]] which made it illegal to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their [[race (classification of humans)|race]], [[color]], [[religion]], or [[national origin]]."<ref>18 U.S.C.S. § 245(b) (Public Law 117-39, approved August 31, 2021).</ref> However, "The prosecution of such crimes must be certified by the U.S. attorney general."<ref>Streissguth (2003), p. 20.</ref>

The first state hate-crime statute, [[California]]'s Section 190.2, was passed in 1978 and provided penalty enhancements in cases when murders were motivated by prejudice against four "protected status" categories: race, religion, color, and national origin. Washington included [[ancestry]] in a statute which was passed in 1981. Alaska included [[creed]] and [[sex]] in 1982, and later [[disability]], [[sexual orientation]], and [[ethnicity]]. In the 1990s some state laws began to include [[ageing|age]], [[marital status]], membership in the [[armed forces]], and membership in [[civil rights]] organizations.<ref>Streissguth (2003), pp. 20–21.</ref>

Until California state legislation included all crimes as possible hate crimes in 1987, criminal acts which could be considered hate crimes in various states included [[aggravated assault]], [[assault]] and [[Battery (crime)|battery]], [[vandalism]], [[rape]], [[threat]]s and [[intimidation]], [[arson]], [[trespassing]], [[stalking]], and various "lesser" acts.<ref>Streissguth (2003), p. 21.</ref>

Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, "A hate crime is a criminal offence. In the [[United States]], federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity." In 2009, capping a broad-based public campaign lasting more than a decade, President [[Barack Obama]] signed into law the [[Matthew Shepard Act|Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]]. The Act added actual or perceived [[gender]], [[gender identity]], [[sexual orientation]], and [[disability]] to the federal definition of a hate crime, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. Led by Shepard's parents and a coalition of civil rights groups, with ADL (the [[Anti-Defamation League]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Lieberman '81|url=https://law.duke.edu/news/michael-lieberman-81/|website=Duke Law News Releases|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch Hosts the 63rd Annual Attorney General Awards Honoring Department Employees and Others For Their Service (U.S. Department of Justice News Release).|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-loretta-e-lynch-hosts-63rd-annual-attorney-general-awards-honoring|date=21 October 2015|website=Justice News|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> in a lead role, the campaign to pass the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act|Matthew Shepard Act]] lasted 13 years, in large part because of opposition to including the term "sexual orientation" as one of the bases for deeming a crime to be a hate crime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1 year after Blaze Bernstein's killing, parents look to turn alleged hate crime into 'movement of hope'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/year-blaze-bernsteins-killing-parents-turn-alleged-hate/story?id=59754707|last=Shapiro|first=Emily|date=30 December 2018|website=ABC News|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

[[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] also drafted model hate crimes legislation in the 1980s that serves as the template for the legislation that a majority of states have adopted.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Hate Crime Laws Don't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People: So why do many LGBT people, and others, feel so deeply about the need to have them?|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/hate-crime-laws-dont-prevent-violence-against-lgbt-people/|last1=Bronski|last2=Pellegrini|last3=Amico|first1=Michael|first2=Ann|first3=Michael|date=2 October 2013|website=The Nation|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> As of the fall of 2020, 46 of the 50 states and [[Washington, D.C.]] have statutes criminalizing various types of hate crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ADL|title=Hate Crimes|url=https://www.adl.org/what-we-do/combat-hate/hate-crimes|access-date=November 2, 2020|website=ADL.org}}</ref> Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have statutes creating a [[Legal liability|civil cause of action]] in addition to the criminal penalty for similar acts. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia have statutes requiring the state to collect hate crime statistics.<ref name="adl">[http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf State Hate Crime Laws] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614124916/http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/state_hate_crime_laws.pdf |date=14 June 2007 }}, [[Anti-Defamation League]], June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</ref>  In May 2020, the killing of African-American jogger [[Ahmaud Arbery]] reinvigorated efforts to adopt a hate-crimes law in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], which was one of a handful of states without a such legislation. Led in great part by the Hate-Free Georgia Coalition, a group of 35 nonprofit groups organized by the Georgia state ADL,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oster|first=Marcy|date=June 2, 2020|title=Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/449561/georgia-passes-hate-crimes-legislation/|access-date=November 2, 2020|website=The Forward}}</ref>  the legislation was adopted in June 2020, after 16 years of debate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/26/georgia-governor-signs-hate-crime-law-following-ahmaud-arbery-shooting/3266901001/|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 26, 2020|title=Georgia governor signs hate crime law in wake of Ahmaud Arbery shooting|author=Grace Hauck}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=Greg Bluestein |author2=Maya T. Prabhu |title=Georgia governor signs hate-crimes measure into law: 'Ahmaud Arbery's death will not be in vain'|newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|url=https://www.ajc.com/blog/politics/georgia-governor-sign-hate-crimes-law/T32W4SEfj9ZovmDahsU9DL/|date=June 28, 2020}}</ref>

According to the [[FBI]] Hate Crime Statistics report for 2006, hate crimes increased nearly 8 percent nationwide, with a total of 7,722 incidents and 9,080 offences reported by participating law enforcement agencies.  Of the 5,449 crimes against persons, 46 percent were classified as intimidation, and 32 percent as simple assaults. Acts of vandalism or destruction comprised 81 percent of the 3,593 crimes against property.<ref>Statistics, 2006 [https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/index.html Hate Crime Statistics, 2006], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717214828/https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2006/index.html |date=17 July 2015 }}</ref>

However, according to the [[FBI]] Hate Crime Statistics for 2007, the number of hate crimes decreased to 7,624 incidents reported by participating law enforcement agencies.<ref>Statistics, 2007 [https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2007/table_02.htm Hate Crime Statistics, 2007], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709181446/https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2007/table_02.htm |date=9 July 2014 }}</ref> These incidents included nine murders and two rapes (out of the almost 17,000 murders and 90,000 forcible rapes committed in the U.S. in 2007).<ref>Statistics, 2007 [https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/data/table_01.html FBI Crime in the United States 2007], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504123717/http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/data/table_01.html |date=4 May 2015 }}</ref>

In June 2009, [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] Eric Holder said recent killings showed the need for a tougher U.S. hate-crimes law to stop "violence masquerading as political activism."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31392054 |title=Attorney general urges new hate crimes law – Crime & courts|publisher=NBC News |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref>

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund published a report in 2009 revealing that 33 percent of hate-crime offenders were under the age of 18, while 29 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rintels |first1=Jonathan |last2=Loge |first2=Peter |title=Confronting the New Faces of Hate: Hate Crimes in America |url=http://www.protectcivilrights.org/pdf/reports/hatecrimes/lccref_hate_crimes_report.pdf |website=Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund |access-date=1 May 2020 |pages=34–50 |language=en |date=2009}}</ref>

The 2011 hate-crime statistics show 46.9 percent were motivated by race, and 20.8 percent by sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28459:fbi-releases-2011-hate-crime-statistics&catid=1:latest&Itemid=197 |title=FBI releases 2011 hate crime statistics |publisher=Lakeconews.com |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517030446/http://www.lakeconews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28459%3Afbi-releases-2011-hate-crime-statistics&catid=1%3Alatest&Itemid=197 |archive-date=17 May 2013 }}</ref>

In 2015, the Hate Crimes Statistics report identified 5,818 single-bias incidents involving 6,837 offenses, 7,121 victims, and 5,475 known offenders<ref name="hate-crime-2015"/>

In 2017, the FBI released new data showing a 17 percent increase in hate crimes between 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Hate Crime Statistics Released|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2017-hate-crime-statistics-released-111318|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us}}</ref>

In 2018, the Hate Crime Statistics report showed 59.5 percent were motivated by race bias and 16.9 percent by sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incidents and Offenses|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2018/topic-pages/incidents-and-offenses|access-date=2021-04-30|website=FBI|language=en-us}}</ref>

Prosecutions of hate crimes have been difficult in the United States. Recently, state governments have attempted to re-investigate and re-try past hate crimes. One notable example was [[Mississippi]]'s decision to retry [[Byron De La Beckwith]] in 1990 for the 1963 murder of [[Medgar Evers]], a prominent figure in the [[NAACP]] and a leader of the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Labuda|first=P.|title=Racial Reconciliation in Mississippi: An Evaluation of the Proposal to Establish a Mississippi Truth and Reconciliation Commission.|journal=Harvard Blackletter Law Journal|year=2011|volume=271|pages=1–48}}</ref>  This was the first time in U.S. history that an unresolved civil rights case was re-opened. De La Beckwith, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, was tried for the murder on two previous occasions, resulting in [[Hung jury|hung juries]]. A mixed-race jury found Beckwith guilty of murder, and he was sentenced to life in prison in 1994.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alston, A. A. |author2=Dickerson, J. L.|title=Devil's Sanctuary: An Eye-Witness History of Mississippi Hate Crimes|year=2009|publisher=Lawrence Hill Books|location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>

According to a November 2016 report issued by the FBI, hate crimes are on the rise in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latest Hate Crime Statistics Released - Annual Report Sheds Light on Serious Issue|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015-hate-crime-statistics-released|website=FBI|access-date=18 December 2016}}</ref> The number of hate crimes increased from 5,850 in 2015, to 6,121 hate crime incidents in 2016, an increase of 4.6 percent.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Licthblau|first1=Eric|title=U.S. Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/us/politics/fbi-hate-crimes-muslims.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115034006/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/us/politics/fbi-hate-crimes-muslims.html |archive-date=2016-11-15 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2016|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mathias|first1=Christopher|title=Hate Crimes Rose About 5 Percent In 2016, FBI Report Says|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/fbi-hate-crimes-report-2016_us_5a08c795e4b01d21c83f46ac|newspaper=The Huffington Post|access-date=14 November 2017|date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Hate Crime Statistics|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2016/topic-pages/incidentsandoffenses|publisher=FBI|access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

The Khalid Jabara-Heather Heyer National Opposition to Hate, Assault, and Threats to Equality Act (NO HATE), which was first introduced in 2017, was reintroduced in June 2019 to improve hate crime reporting and expand support for victims as a response to anti-LGBTQ, anti-Muslim and antisemitic attacks. The bill would fund state hate-crime hotlines, and support expansion of reporting and training programs in law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2019/06/28/civil-rights-advocates-victims-families-urge-support-for-new-hate-crime-reporting-bill/|title=Civil rights advocates, victims' families urge support for new hate crime reporting bill|date=28 June 2019|website=Religion News Service|language=en-US|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

According to a 2021 study, in the years between 1992 and 2014, white people were the offenders in 74.5 percent of anti-Asian hate crimes, 99 percent of anti-black hate crimes, and 81.1 percent of anti-Hispanic hate crimes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yan|last2=Zhang|first2=Lening|last3=Benton|first3=Francis|date=2021-01-07|title=Hate Crimes against Asian Americans|journal=American Journal of Criminal Justice|volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=441–461|doi=10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9|issn=1066-2316|pmc=7790522|pmid=33437139}}</ref>

=====Victims in the United States=====
One of the largest waves of hate crimes in the [[history of the United States]] took place during the [[civil rights movement]] in the 1950s and 1960s. Violence and threats of violence were common against [[African Americans]], and hundreds of people died due to such acts. Members of this [[ethnic group]] faced violence from [[Hate groups|groups]] such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], as well as violence from individuals who were committed to maintaining [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Segregation in America |url=https://eji.org/reports/segregation-in-america/ |website=Equal Justice Initiative |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=2018}}</ref> At the time, civil rights leaders such as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and their supporters fought hard for the right of African Americans to vote, as well as for equality in their everyday lives. African Americans have been the target of hate crimes since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]],<ref name="americansperspective.com">{{cite news|url=http://americansperspective.com/10-of-the-worst-hate-crimes-and-violence-in-domestic-american-history/|title=10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History|date=22 June 2015|newspaper=americansperspective.com|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101516/http://americansperspective.com/10-of-the-worst-hate-crimes-and-violence-in-domestic-american-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the humiliation of this ethnic group was also desired by many anti-black individuals. Other frequently reported bias motivations were bias against a religion, bias against a particular sexual orientation, and bias against a particular ethnicity or national origin.<ref name="fbi 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/narratives/hate-crime-2010-victims |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|title=Hate Crime Statistics, 2010|access-date=16 March 2012}}</ref> At times, these bias motivations overlapped, because violence can be both anti-gay and anti-black, for example.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Doug|title=Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims|journal=Sociology|year=2010|volume=44|issue=5|pages=980–95|doi=10.1177/0038038510375737|s2cid=145147987}}</ref> There are many terms that victims of hate crimes have been subjected to over the years, especially when it comes to minority groups. The African American population is just one of many groups that have been degraded by society. For example, "coon," "sambo," "pickaninny," "jigaboo," "buck," and "mammy" are all slurs and derogatory terms that have been used throughout history against African Americans. These are all examples of ethnophaulisms, which are racial slurs and terms that are used during or motivate hate crimes against African Americans.

Analysts have compared groups in terms of the per capita rate of hate crimes committed against them to allow for differing populations. Overall, the total number of hate crimes committed since the first hate crime bill was passed in 1997 is 86,582.<ref name="The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">{{cite journal|last1=Shepard|first1=Mathew|last2=Byrd|first2=James Jr.|title=Hate Crimes Law|journal=Human Rights Campaign|date=2011–2014|url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry/hate-crimes-law}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" border="1"
|+ Hate crimes in the US (2008–2012) by victim population group
|-
! rowspan=2 |Population group
! rowspan=2 |Estimated population
! colspan=2 |Hate crimes against (2008–2012)<ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2008">[http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html FBI Hate Crimes 2008]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2009">[http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table_04.html FBI Hate Crimes 2009]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2010">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/tables/table-4-offenses-offense-type-by-bias-motivation-2010.xls FBI Hate Crimes 2010]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2011">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2011/tables/table-4 FBI Hate Crimes 2011]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref><ref name="FBI Hate Crimes 2012">[https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2012/tables-and-data-declarations/4tabledatadecpdf/table_4_offenses_offense_type_by_bias_motivation_2012.xls FBI Hate Crimes 2012]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
! colspan=2 | Violent hate crimes against<ref>Violent hate crimes include: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault and sexual assault/rape.</ref>
|-
! Total
! Rate (per 100,000 people)
! Total
! Rate (per 100,000 people)
|-
|[[Jewish American|Jewish]]
|5,248,674<ref name="Religious Profile Gallup"/>
|4,457
|84.9
|411
|7.8
|-
|[[LGBT]]
|11,343,000<ref name="LGBT Stats">[https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/adult-lgbt-pop-us/ Adult LGBT Population in the United States] Retrieved March 2019</ref>
|7,231
|66.9
|3,849
|35.6
|-
|[[Muslim Americans|Muslim]]
|1,852,473<ref name="Religious Profile Gallup">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/159548/identify-christian.aspx In US, 77% Identify as Christian]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|761
|41.1
|258
|13.9
|-
|[[Black American|Black]]
|38,929,319<ref name="American Fact Finder">[https://www.census.gov U.S. Census website]. Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|13,411
|34.4
|4,356
|11.2
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Aboriginal]]
|2,932,248<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|364
|12.4
|161
|5.5
|-
|[[Hispanic]]
|50,477,594<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|3,064
|6.1
|1,482
|2.9
|-
|[[Asian American|Asian]] and [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]
|15,214,265<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|798
|5.2
|276
|1.8
|-
|[[White American|White]]
|223,553,265<ref name="American Fact Finder"/>
|3,459
|1.5
|1,614
|0.7
|-
|[[Catholic]]
|67,924,018<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012">[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/ "Nones" on the Rise], Retrieved 17 May 2014</ref>
|338
|0.5
|32
|0.0
|-
|[[Atheist]] and [[agnostic]]
|17,598,496<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012"/>
|47
|0.3
|5
|0.0
|-
|[[Protestant]]
|148,197,858<ref name="PewForumReligion2007to2012"/>
|229
|0.2
|17
|0.0
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Among the groups which are mentioned in the [[Hate Crime Statistics Act|Hate Crimes Statistics Act]], the largest number of hate crimes are committed against African Americans.<ref name="Reports and Curricula">{{Cite news|url=http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/cause_for_concern/p8.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/|title=Reports and Curricula|newspaper=The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170025/http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/cause_for_concern/p8.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the Civil Rights Movement, some of the most notorious hate crimes included the 1968 [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], the 1964 murders of Charles Moore and Henry Dee, the 1963 [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]], the 1955 murder of [[Emmett Till]],<ref name="americansperspective.com"/> and the burning of crosses, churches, [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[synagogue]]s, and other places of worship of minority religions. Such acts began to take place more frequently after the [[racial integration]] of many schools and public facilities.<ref name="Reports and Curricula"/>

Since then, hate crimes targeting Jews have risen sharply, as in 2023, Antisemitic hate crimes increased by 63% to an all time high of 1,832 incidents in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1622">{{Cite web |author=ToI Staff |title=Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/antisemitic-hate-crimes-in-us-surged-63-in-2023-to-all-time-high-of-1832-fbi/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, Jews comprise roughly 2% of the American population, but represent 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Community Relations Service {{!}} 2023 FBI Hate Crimes Statistics |url=https://www.justice.gov/crs/news/2023-hate-crime-statistics |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>

High-profile murders targeting victims based on their sexual orientation have prompted the passage of hate crimes legislation, notably the cases of [[Sean W. Kennedy]] and [[Matthew Shepard]]. Kennedy's murder was mentioned by Senator [[Gordon Smith (politician)|Gordon Smith]] in a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate while he advocated such legislation. The [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]] was signed into law in 2009. It included sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disably status, and military personnel and their family members.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Matthew Shepard And James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009 {{!}} CRT |publisher=Department of Justice|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/matthew-shepard-and-james-byrd-jr-hate-crimes-prevention-act-2009-0|access-date=29 March 2017|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/hate-crime-laws|title=Hate Crime Laws|date=July 7, 2016|publisher=Department of Justice}}</ref> This is the first all-inclusive bill ever passed in the United States, taking 45 years to complete.{{clarify|reason="all-inclusive" how/45 years how?|date=June 2013}}

Gender-based crimes may also be considered hate crimes. This view would designate [[rape]] and [[domestic violence]], as well as non-interpersonal violence against women such as the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in [[Quebec]], as hate crimes.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YdCbgXjr-EC&pg=PA405 |chapter=Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women |first=Marguerite |last=Angelari |title=Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech |editor=Karen J. Maschke |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997|isbn=9780815325208 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiBIZcx1nPcC&pg=PA58 |title=Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies |first=Phyllis B. |last=Gerstenfeld |year=2013 |publisher=Sage|isbn=9781452256627 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNnXj_SbOsC&pg=PA271 |title=Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader |editor=Barbara Perry |year=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |first=Beverly |last=McPhail |chapter=Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review|isbn=9780415944076 }}</ref>

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States experienced a spike in overall hate crimes against Muslim individuals. In the year before, only 28 events had been recorded of hate crimes against Muslims; in 2001, this number jumped to 481. While the number decreased in the following years, the number of Muslim hate crimes remains higher than pre-2001.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuek Ser|first=Kuang Keng|title=Data: Hate Crimes Against Muslims Increased after 9/11|date=8 September 2016 |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-12/data-hate-crimes-against-muslims-increased-after-911|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913031133/http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-09-12/data-hate-crimes-against-muslims-increased-after-911|archive-date=September 13, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref> After the beginning of the [[Gaza war]] on October 7th, 2023, hate crimes began to increase once again due to the United States allyship with Israel. Palestinian-Americans became a target for hate crimes and were blamed for the conflict leading to violence, including in the case of the [[Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume]], a 6-year-old Palestinian-American boy killed by a white man who was motivated by anti-Muslim extremism.

In May 2018, ''[[ProPublica]]'' reviewed police reports for 58 cases of purported anti-heterosexual hate crimes. ''ProPublica'' found that about half of the cases were anti-LGBT hate crimes that had been miscategorized, and that the rest were motivated by hate towards Jews, blacks or women or that there was no element of a hate crime at all. ''ProPublica'' did not find any cases of hate crimes spurred by anti-heterosexual bias.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/police-are-mislabeling-crimes-as-anti-heterosexual-hate-crimes|title=Police Are Mislabeling Anti-LGBTQ and Other Crimes as Anti-Heterosexual|date=15 May 2018|website=ProPublica|first1=Rachel|last1=Glickhouse|first2=Rahima|last2=Nasa|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

Hate crimes against Asian Americans have deep roots in U.S. history and are often fueled by harmful stereotypes like the “Yellow Peril” and the “Model Minority” myth. The “Yellow Peril” stereotype paints Asians as a threat to Western society, and it's been used to justify exclusion, discrimination, and violence for more than a century. The “Model Minority” myth, on the other hand, portrays Asian Americans as quiet, hardworking, and universally successful, ignoring the real struggles many face and driving a wedge between them and other communities of color. Both stereotypes resurfaced in dangerous ways during the COVID-19 pandemic, when Asian Americans were unfairly blamed for the virus. As a result, hate crimes spiked across the country. Many people were verbally harassed, spat on, or physically attacked, especially elderly individuals in public spaces. Asian-owned businesses were vandalized, and people reported being targeted just for speaking their native language or wearing a mask. These acts weren’t random, they were shaped by long-standing biases that became more visible during a time of fear and uncertainty.

====== Anti-trans hate crime ======

In 2017, shortly after President [[Donald Trump]] took office, hate crimes against [[transgender]] individuals increased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump's Timeline of Hate |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/trumps-timeline-of-hate |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=HRC |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2020, after the death of several African Americans at the hands of police officers – in particular, [[George Floyd]] – triggered protests around the world as part of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement,<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Bui|first2=Quoctrung|last3=Patel|first3=Jugal K.|date=2020-07-03|title=Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html|access-date=2021-05-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> hate crimes against the black trans community began to increase.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Paz|first1=Isabella Grullón|last2=Astor|first2=Maggie|date=2020-06-27|title=Black Trans Women Seek More Space in the Movement They Helped Start|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/27/us/politics/black-trans-lives-matter.html|access-date=2021-05-01|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>