Editing Fentanyl (section)

== Veterinary use ==
Fentanyl is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced [[sedation]] and general [[Veterinary anesthesia|anesthesia]] in small animal patients. In addition, its efficacy is higher than many other pure-opiate and synthetic pure-opioid agonists regarding vomiting, depth of sedation, and cardiovascular effects when given as a continuous infusion as well as a [[transdermal patch]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kukanich B, Clark TP | title = The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs | journal = Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 35 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 3–19 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22731771 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, Marin-Cano G, Steagall PV | title = Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs | journal = Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–318 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25039918 | doi = 10.1111/vaa.12215 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pettifer GR, Dyson DH | title = Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels | journal = Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8490814 | pmc = 1263601 }}</ref> As with other pure-opioid agonists, fentanyl has been associated with [[dysphoria]] in dogs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL | title = Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery | journal = Veterinary Surgery | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 302–307 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23231071 | doi = 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x }}</ref> Fentanyl's short-acting nature combined with the high potency make it one of the most effective analgesics in veterinary medicine; fentanyl's ability to reduce the [[minimum alveolar concentration]] leads to it being commonly used in dogs that are elderly or have cardiovascular issues.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Floriano DA, Shelby AM | title=Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques | chapter=Section II: Drug formulary | publisher=Wiley | date=2022-11-15 | isbn=978-1-119-71082-0 | doi=10.1002/9781119710868.s2 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119710868.s2 | pages=320–321}}</ref>

Furthermore, [[transdermal]] fentanyl's potency and short duration of action make it popular as an intraoperative and post-operative analgesic in cats and dogs.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Lee L | title = Perioperative Pain Management |url=https://www.westernu.edu/mediafiles/veterinary/vet-anesthesia-analgesia/perioperative-pain-management.pdf |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119044903/https://www.westernu.edu/mediafiles/veterinary/vet-anesthesia-analgesia/perioperative-pain-management.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2023 |page=11 |url-status=live}}</ref>