Editing Feminist economics (section)

===Alternative measures of success===
Feminist economists call for a shift in how economic success is measured. These changes include an increased focus on a policy's ability to bring society toward social justice and improve people's lives, through specific goals including distributive fairness, equity, the universal provisioning of needs, elimination of [[poverty]], freedom from [[discrimination]] and the protection of human capabilities.<ref name="berik"/><ref name="elsoncagatay">{{cite journal|last1=Elson|first1=Diane|author2=Cagatay, Nilufer|author-link1=Diane Elson|title=The Social Content of Macroeconomic Policies|journal=World Development|date=July 2000|volume=28|issue=7|pages=1347–1364|doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00021-8|url=http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/readings/May19/Elson.%20Social%20Content%20of%20Macroeconomic%20Policies.pdf|access-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625045358/http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/readings/May19/Elson.%20Social%20Content%20of%20Macroeconomic%20Policies.pdf|archive-date=2010-06-25|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==== Human Development Index (HDI) ====
[[File:2011 UN Human Development Report Quartiles.svg|400px|thumb|right|World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2011
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| {{legend|#003399|Very High (developed country)}} || {{legend|#E6EDFF|Low (developing country)}}
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| {{legend|#3072D9|High (developing country)}} || {{legend|#858585|Data unavailable}} 
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| {{legend|#A8C3FF|Medium (developing country)}} || 
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{{main|Human Development Index}}

Feminist economists often support use of the [[Human Development Index]] as a composite statistic in order to assess countries by their overall level of [[human development (humanity)|human development]], as opposed to other measures. The HDI takes into account a broad array of measures beyond monetary considerations including [[life expectancy]], literacy, education, and standards of living for all countries worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fukuda-Parr|first=Sakiko|author-link=Sakiko Fukuda-Parr|title=The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's Ideas on Capabilities|journal=Feminist Economics|date=January 2003|volume=9|issue=2–3|pages=301–317|doi=10.1080/1354570022000077980|url=http://econpapers.repec.org/article/taffemeco/v_3a9_3ay_3a2003_3ai_3a2-3_3ap_3a301-317.htm|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.4127|s2cid=18178004}}</ref>

====Gender-related Development Index (GDI)====
{{main|Gender-related Development Index}}

The '''Gender-related Development Index''' (GDI) was introduced in 1995 in the [[Human Development Report]] written by the [[United Nations Development Program]] in order to add a gender-sensitive dimension to the Human Development Index. The GDI takes into account not only the average or general level of well-being and wealth within a given country, but also how this wealth and well-being is distributed between different groups within society, especially between genders.<ref name="Gender">{{cite journal|last=Klasen|first=Stephan|title=UNDP's Gender-related Measures: Some Conceptual Problems and Possible Solutions|journal=Journal of Human Development|date=July 2006|volume=7|issue=2|pages=243–274|doi=10.1080/14649880600768595|s2cid=15421076}} Available from: EconLit with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed September 26, 2011.</ref> However, feminist economists do not universally agree on the use of the GDI and some offer improvements to it.<ref>{{Cite journal |  last1= Klasen |first1= Stephan | last2 = Schüler | first2 = Dana | title = Reforming the gender-related development index and the gender empowerment measure: implementing some specific proposals | journal = Feminist Economics| volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–30 | doi = 10.1080/13545701.2010.541860 | date = 2011 |s2cid= 154373171 }}</ref>

====Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)====

The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a recently developed measure of [[gender inequality]] calculated by analyzing social institutions, societal practices, and legal norms and how these factors largely frame gender norms within a society. By combining these sources of inequality, SIGI is able to penalize high levels of inequality in each of the applicable dimensions, allowing for only partial compensation by the gaps between the remaining dimensions and the highly inequitable one. Through its analysis of the institutional sources of gender inequality in over 100 countries, SIGI has been proven to add new insights into outcomes for women, even when other factors such as religion and region of the world are controlled for.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Branisa|first1=Boris|last2=Klasen|first2=Stephan|last3=Ziegler|first3=Maria|last4=Drechsler|first4=Denis|last5=Jütting|first5=Johannes|title=The Institutional Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=20|issue=2|pages=29–64|doi=10.1080/13545701.2013.850523|year=2014|s2cid=154769451|url=https://zenodo.org/record/897865}}<!--https://zenodo.org/record/897865--></ref>
SIGI rankings largely mirror those of the HDI, with countries such as Portugal and Argentina leading the pack, while countries like Afghanistan and Sudan are significantly behind.