Editing Conservatism (section)

==== Sweden ====
{{main|Conservatism in Sweden}}
{{Conservatism in Sweden}}
In the early 19th century, Swedish conservatism developed alongside [[Swedish Romantic literature|Swedish Romanticism]]. The historian [[Erik Gustaf Geijer]], an exponent of [[Gothicism]], glorified the [[Viking Age]] and the [[Swedish Empire]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Geijer och samhället : en studie i svensk tradition |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/873899895 |date=1942 |access-date=December 17, 2023 |oclc=873899895 |first=Edvard |last=Rodhe |page=131}}</ref> and the idealist philosopher [[Christopher Jacob Boström]] became the chief ideologue of the official state doctrine, which dominated Swedish politics for almost a century.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2217786 |jstor=2217786 |last1=Smart |first1=Ninian |title=Reviewed work: Philosophy of Religion, Christopher Jacob Boström, Victor E. Beck, Robert N. Beck |journal=The Philosophical Quarterly |date=1964 |volume=14 |issue=57 |page=381 |doi=10.2307/2217786}}</ref> Other influential Swedish conservative Romantics were [[Esaias Tegnér]] and [[Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom]].

Early parliamentary conservatism in Sweden was explicitly elitist. The [[Moderate Party|Conservative Party]] was formed in 1904 with one major goal in mind: to stop the advent of [[universal suffrage]], which they feared would result in socialism. Yet, it was a Swedish admiral, the conservative politician [[Arvid Lindman]], who first extended democracy by enacting [[male suffrage]], despite the protests of more traditionalist voices, such as the later prime minister, the arch-conservative and authoritarian statesman [[Ernst Trygger]], who railed at progressive policies such as the abolition of the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Söderbaum |first=Jakob E:son |title=Modern konservatism |date=2020 |publisher=Recito |isbn=978-91-7765-497-1 |location=Borås |pages=289}}</ref>

Once a democratic system was in place, Swedish conservatives sought to combine traditional elitism with modern populism. Sweden's most renowned political scientist, the conservative politician [[Rudolf Kjellén]], coined the terms [[geopolitics]] and [[biopolitics]] in relation to his [[Organicism#In politics and sociology|organic theory of the state]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Radikalkonservatismens rötter – Rudolf Kjellén och 1914 års idéer |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1241263181 |access-date=December 17, 2023 |isbn=978-91-7703-243-4 |oclc=1241263181 |first=Christian |last=Abrahamsson |pages=43–56 |chapter=Den organiska statsteorin |date=December 18, 2023 |publisher=Timbro}}</ref> He also developed the [[Conservative corporatism|corporatist]]-nationalist concept of {{lang|sv|[[Folkhemmet]]}} ('the people's home'), which became the single most powerful political concept in Sweden throughout the 20th century, although it was adopted by the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] who gave it a more socialist interpretation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaksson |first=Anders |title=Per Albin |date=1985 |publisher=Wahlström & Widstrand |isbn=978-91-46-15026-8 |location=Stockholm |pages=184}}</ref>

After a brief [[grand coalition]] between Left and Right during World War II, the center-right parties struggled to cooperate due to their ideological differences: the agrarian populism of the [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]], the urban liberalism of the [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberal People's Party]], and the liberal-conservative elitism of the [[Moderate Party]] (the old Conservative Party). However, in [[Fälldin I cabinet|1976]] and in [[Fälldin II cabinet|1979]], the three parties managed to form a government under [[Thorbjörn Fälldin]]—and again in [[Carl Bildt cabinet|1991]] under aristocrat [[Carl Bildt]] and with support from the newly founded [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]], the most conservative party in contemporary Sweden.<ref>{{Cite news |title=KD är det mest konservativa partiet |url=https://strengnastidning.se/insandare/artikel/kd-ar-det-mest-konservativa-partiet/lyd0p99l |work=strengnastidning.se |date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2023 |first=Jakob E:son |last=Söderbaum}}</ref>

In modern times, [[mass immigration]] from distant cultures caused a large populist dissatisfaction, which was not channeled through any of the established parties, who generally espoused [[multiculturalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uvell |first=Markus |title=Bakslaget: radikalt etablissemang, konservativa medborgare |date=2018 |publisher=Timbro förlag |isbn=978-91-7703-129-1 |location=Stockholm}}</ref> Instead, the 2010s saw the rise of the right-wing populist [[Sweden Democrats]], who were surging as the largest party in the polls on several occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornucopia |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Yougov: SD största parti med 28.5% av väljarstödet |url=https://cornucopia.se/2018/06/yougov-sd-storsta-parti-med-285-av/ |access-date=December 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Majlard |first=Jan |date=November 15, 2019 |title=SD största parti i ny mätning |language=sv |work=Svenska Dagbladet |url=https://www.svd.se/a/JoXm3R/sverigedemokraterna-storsta-parti-i-ny-matning |access-date=December 23, 2023 |issn=1101-2412}}</ref> Due to its fascist roots, the party was ostracized by the other parties until 2019 when Christian Democrat leader [[Ebba Busch]] reached out for collaboration, after which the Moderate Party followed suit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=SVT Nyheter |first= |date=March 21, 2019 |title=KD-ledaren öppnar för SD-samarbete |language=sv |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/kd-ledaren-oppnar-for-sd-samarbete |access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref> In [[2022 Swedish general election|2022]], the center-right parties formed a [[Kristersson cabinet|government]] with support from the Sweden Democrats as the largest party.<ref>{{Cite news |last=SVT Nyheter |date=October 14, 2022 |title=L, KD och M ska ingå i regeringen – SD får stort inflytande |language=sv |work=SVT Nyheter |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/l-kd-och-m-ska-inga-i-regeringen-sd-far-stort-inflytande |access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref> The subsequent [[Tidö Agreement]], negotiated in [[Tidö Castle]], incorporated authoritarian policies such as a stricter stance on immigration and a harsher stance on law and order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oscarsson |first=Tea |date=October 14, 2022 |title='Tidöavtalet' – här är viktigaste punkterna |language=sv |work=Svenska Dagbladet |url=https://www.svd.se/a/2BB3pB/det-viktigaste-i-tidoavtalet-mellan-moderaterna-kd-l-och-sd |access-date=December 17, 2023 |issn=1101-2412}}</ref>