Editing Chess (section)

==Computer chess==
{{Main|Computer chess}}
{{See also|Human–computer chess matches|Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|Chess engine}}
The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates to the 18th&nbsp;century; around 1769, the chess-playing [[automaton]] called [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]] became famous before being exposed as a [[hoax]].<ref>{{harvp|Levitt|2000}}</ref> Serious trials based on automata, such as [[El Ajedrecista]], were too complex and limited to be useful. Since the advent of the [[digital computer]] in the 1950s, chess enthusiasts, [[computer engineer]]s, and computer scientists have built, with increasing degrees of seriousness and success, chess-playing machines and computer programs.<ref>{{harvp|Hsu|2002}}</ref> The groundbreaking paper on computer chess, "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess", was published in 1950 by [[Claude Shannon]].{{refn|[[Alan Turing]] made an attempt in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7 |title=Digital computers applied to games |author=Alan Turing |publisher=University of Southampton and King's College Cambridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509054855/http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>|group=note}} He wrote:
{{blockquote|
The chess machine is an ideal one to start with, since: (1) the problem is sharply defined both in allowed operations (the moves) and in the ultimate goal (checkmate); (2) it is neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for satisfactory solution; (3) chess is generally considered to require "thinking" for skillful play; a solution of this problem will force us either to admit the possibility of a mechanized thinking or to further restrict our concept of "thinking"; (4) the discrete structure of chess fits well into the digital nature of
modern computers.<ref>Shannon, Claude E. XXII. Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. ''Philosophical Magazine'', Ser. 7, Vol. 41, No. 314 – March 1950. Available online at {{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf |title=computerhistory.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706211229/http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}&nbsp;{{small|(175&nbsp;KB)}} Retrieved 6 December 2006.</ref>
}}

[[File:RS Chess Computer.JPG|thumb|1990s chess-playing computer]]
The [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM) held the first major chess tournament for computers, the [[North American Computer Chess Championship]], in September 1970. [[Chess (Northwestern University)|CHESS 3.0]], a chess program from [[Northwestern University]], won the championship. The first [[World Computer Chess Championship]], held in 1974, was won by the Soviet program [[Kaissa]]. At first considered only a curiosity, the best [[chess engine|chess playing programs]] have become extremely strong. In 1997, a computer won a chess match using classical time controls against a reigning World Champion for the first time: [[IBM|IBM's]] [[IBM Deep Blue|Deep Blue]] beat [[Garry Kasparov]] 3½–2½ (it scored two wins, one loss, and three [[draw (chess)|draws]]).<ref>{{harvp|Hsu|2002|pp=295–296}}</ref><ref>[http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml Deep Blue – Kasparov Match] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302133413/http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.shtml |date=2 March 2010 }}. {{em|research.ibm.com}}. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</ref> There was some controversy over [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|the match]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/ |title=Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov? |magazine=Wired |date=28 September 2012 |last1=Finley|first1=Klint|access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043725/https://www.wired.com/2012/09/deep-blue-computer-bug/ |archive-date=15 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Human–computer chess matches|human–computer matches]] were relatively close over the next few years, until convincing computer victories in [[Human–computer chess matches#Hydra–Adams (2005)|2005]] and in [[Human–computer chess matches#Kramnik–Deep Fritz (2006)|2006]].

In 2009, a [[mobile phone]] won a [[Category (chess tournament)|category]] 6 tournament with a performance rating of 2898: chess engine [[Hiarcs]] 13 running on the mobile phone [[HTC Touch HD]] won the Copa Mercosur tournament with nine wins and one draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930232108/https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic771.html#13 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |title=Hiarcs 13 wins Copa Mercosur |access-date=4 September 2010 |last1=Crowther|first1=Mark|website=[[The Week in Chess]]}}</ref> The best chess programs are now able to consistently beat the strongest human players, to the extent that human–computer matches no longer attract interest from chess players or the media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 Years Later, Humans Still No Match For Computers On The Chessboard|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard|last1=Siegel|first1=Robert|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=2021-03-11|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126080706/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/10/24/499162905/20-years-later-humans-still-no-match-for-computers-on-the-chessboard|url-status=live}}</ref> While the [[World Computer Chess Championship]] still exists, the [[Top Chess Engine Championship]] (TCEC) is widely regarded as the unofficial world championship for chess [[chess engine|engines]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kosteniuk |first=Alexandra |date=August 15, 2013 |title=TCEC Computer Chess Championship New Season starts August 26th |url=http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025063745/http://www.chessblog.com/2013/08/tcec-computer-chess-championship-new.html |archive-date=October 25, 2013 |access-date=October 25, 2013 |website=Chess News Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Soltis |first=Andy |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Engine Super Bowl |url=https://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/ |access-date=October 25, 2013 |website=New York Post |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041111/http://nypost.com/2013/06/09/engine-super-bowl/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Roeder |first=Oliver |date=January 25, 2022 |title=We Taught Computers To Play Chess — And Then They Left Us Behind |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/ |access-date=February 15, 2022 |website=[[Fivethirtyeight]] |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216055753/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/we-taught-computers-to-play-chess-and-then-they-left-us-behind/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current champion is [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]].

With huge databases of past games and high analytical ability, computers can help players to learn chess and prepare for matches. [[Internet Chess Server]]s allow people to find and play opponents worldwide. The presence of computers and modern communication tools have raised concerns regarding [[Cheating in chess|cheating during games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html |title=Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too |access-date=28 August 2010 |work=The New York Times |last1=McClain|first1=Dylan Loeb|date=8 August 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205235525/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>
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