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== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last1=Al-Jallad |first1=Ahmad |title=A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic |via=Academia |year=2020a |url=https://www.academia.edu/38100372 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221205432/https://www.academia.edu/38100372/Al-Jallad._A_Manual_of_the_Historical_Grammar_of_Arabic |url-status=live }} * {{Citation |title = As-Sabil |url = https://fr.scribd.com/doc/14436546/Languages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People |access-date = 22 June 2016 |archive-date = 25 April 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425225639/https://fr.scribd.com/doc/14436546/Languages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People |url-status = live }} * {{Citation |first = Mary Catherine |last = Bateson |title = Arabic Language Handbook |publisher = Georgetown University Press |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-87840-386-8 }} * {{cite book |last1=Birnstiel |first1=Daniel |year=2019 |editor1-last=Huehnergard |editor1-first=John |editor-link1=John Huehnergard| editor2-last=Pat-El |editor2-first=Na'ama |title=The Semitic Languages |publisher=Routledge | pages=367–402 |chapter=Chapter 15: Classical Arabic |isbn=978-0-415-73195-9 |edition=2nd |doi=10.4324/9780429025563|s2cid=166512720|oclc= 1103311755 }} * {{Citation |last1=Durand |first1=Olivier |last2=Langone |first2=Angela D. |last3=Mion |first3=Giuliano |title = Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. 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''Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement''. Oxford University Press, 2011. {{ISBN|0-19-974701-6|978-0-19-974701-6}}. * {{cite book |last = Thelwall |first = Robin |year = 2003 |chapter = Arabic |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge |isbn = 978-0-521-63751-0 |title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet }} * {{Citation |first = R. |last = Traini |title = Vocabolario di arabo |publisher=I.P.O. |location=Rome |trans-title = Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |language = it |via = Harassowitz |year = 1961 }} * {{Citation |first = Laura Veccia |last = Vaglieri |title=Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba |publisher=I.P.O. |location = Rome }} * {{cite book | last=Versteegh | first=C. H. M. |author-link=Kees Versteegh| title=The Arabic Language | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-7486-4528-2|oclc=872980196}} * {{Citation |last = Watson |first= Janet |year= 2002 |title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |location = New York |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-824137-9 }} * {{Citation |first = Hans |last = Wehr |title = Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch-Deutsch |publisher = Harassowitz |year = 1952 |edition = 1985 reprint (English) |isbn = 978-3-447-01998-9 |title-link = Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart }} * {{Citation |title = The New York Times Almanac 2002 |first = John W. |last = Wright |year = 2001 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-57958-348-4 }} {{refend}}
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