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===Sources=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|author-link=Stephen E. Ambrose|year=1996|title=Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=mNYeG7Qrw7UC}}|isbn=9780807155394}} *{{cite book|title=Lincoln and the Fight for Peace|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2023|first=John |last=Avlon|authorlink=John Avlon|isbn=9781982108137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSepEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA270}} * {{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|author-link=Jean H. Baker|year=1989|title=Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=W. W. 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Doyle|title=The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War|year=2014|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465029679}} * {{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Walter B.|author-link=Walter Edgar|year=1998|title=South Carolina: A History|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EFSbwGk2szgC}}|isbn=9781570032554}} *{{cite book|last=Emerson|first=Jason|title=Lincoln the Inventor|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780809328987}} *{{cite book|first=Ron |last=Field|title=Garibaldi: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year= 2011|isbn=9781849083218}} *{{cite book|last=Finkelman|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Finkelman|pages=118–167|chapter=Military conflict on the Minnesota homefront|editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Finkelman|editor2-first=Donald|editor2-last=Kennon|title=Civil War Congress and the Creation of Modern America|year=2018|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=9780821423387}} * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Foner|year=2010|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=9780393066180}} * {{cite book|last=Goodrich|first=Thomas|year=2005|title=The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy|publisher=Indiana University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=8Fv6ngEACAAJ}}|isbn=9780253345677}} * {{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns|author-link=Doris Kearns Goodwin|year=2005|title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=4MS3BQAAQBAJ}}|isbn=9780684824901}} * {{cite book|last=Graebner|first=Norman|editor-last=Basler|editor-first=Roy Prentice|editor-link=Roy Basler|year=1959|title=The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|chapter=Abraham Lincoln: conservative statesman|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zlxKAAAAMAAJ}}|oclc=428674}} *{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Amy|authorlink=Amy S. Greenberg|title=A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2012|isbn=9780307592699}} * {{cite book|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|author-link=Allen C. Guelzo|year=1999|title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=FmB3AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=9780802838728}} * {{cite book|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|author-link=Allen C. Guelzo|year=2004|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DJmTUq9hYUoC}}|isbn=9780743221825}} *{{cite book|last=Guelzo|first= Allen C. |author-link=Allen C. Guelzo|chapter=A. Lincoln, philosopher: Lincoln's place in nineteenth-century intellectual history|editor1-first=Joseph R.|editor1-last=Fornieri|editor2-first=Sara Vaughn|editor2-last=Gabbard|title=Lincoln's America: 1809β1865|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Xarqzbuf43sC|page=19}}|year=2008|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=9780809387137}} * {{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lowell|author-link=Lowell H. Harrison|year=2010|title=Lincoln of Kentucky|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=TYNsQ7iky2MC}}|isbn=9780813129402}} * {{cite book|last=Harris|first=William C.|author-link=William C. Harris (historian)|year=2007|title=Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency|publisher=University Press of Kansas|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Bbt2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=9780700615209}} * {{cite book|last=Harris|first=William C.|author-link=William C. Harris (historian)|year=2011|title=Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=9780700620562}} *{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=p6yMTe4j_YEC|page=96}}|title=Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love|last=Havers|first=Grant N.|year=2009|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=9780826218575}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Heidler|editor1-first=David Stephen|editor2-last=Heidler|editor2-first=Jeanne T.|editor3-last=Coles|editor3-first=David J.|year=2002|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1IhZngEACAAJ}}|isbn=9780393047585}} * {{cite book|last1=Heidler|first1=David Stephen|last2=Heidler|first2=Jeanne T.|year=2006|title=The Mexican War|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=I9hD60q4MsQC}}|isbn=9780313327926}} * {{cite book|last1=Herring|first1=George|authorlink=George C. Herring|title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195078220}} * {{cite book|last=Hodes|first=Martha|author-link=Martha Hodes|year=2015|title=Mourning Lincoln|publisher=Yale University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=59ZtBgAAQBAJ}}|isbn=9780300213560}} * {{cite book|last=Holzer|first=Harold|author-link=Harold Holzer|year=2004|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lQmUab8SnhQC}}|isbn=9780743299640}} * {{cite book|last=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|author-link=Harry V. Jaffa|year=2000|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SzA4Zdd6mJoC}}|isbn=9780847699520}} *{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|editor-first=Robert E. |editor-last=May|title=The Union, the Confederacy, and the Atlantic rim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIspT4gpgUAC|year=1995|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=9781557530615|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uIspT4gpgUAC&pg=PA29 29β68]|chapter=History and mythology: the crisis over British intervention in the Civil War}} * {{cite book|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author-link1=Robin Kelley|last2=Lewis|first2=Earl|author-link2=Earl Lewis|year=2005|title=To Make Our World Anew|volume=I: A History of African Americans to 1880|publisher=Oxford University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ua0dld3camgC}}|isbn=9780198040064}} *{{cite book|last=Kent|first=David|year=2022|title=Lincoln: The Fire of Genius|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=9781493063888}} *{{Cite book|title=Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders|last=Koehn|first=Nancy|authorlink=Nancy Koehn|publisher=Scribner|year=2017|isbn=9781501174445}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Lamb|editor1-first=Brian P.|editor-link1=Brian Lamb|editor2-last=Swain|editor2-first=Susan|editor-link2=Susan Swain|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|publisher=PublicAffairs|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|isbn=9781586486761}} *{{Cite book|url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/lincoln4|title=Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln|volume= 4|first=Abraham|last=Lincoln|date= 1953|publisher=Rutgers University Press}} *{{cite book|last=Lundberg|first= James M. |year=2019|title=Horace Greeley: Print, Politics, and the Failure of American Nationhood|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9781421432885}} * {{cite book|last=Madison|first=James H.|authorlink=James H. Madison|year=2014|title=Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana|publisher=Indiana University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2DvwnQEACAAJ}}|isbn=9780253013088}} *{{cite book|last=Mahin|first=Dean|year=1999|title=One War at a Time: The International Dimensions of the American Civil War|publisher=Brassey's|isbn=1574882090}} * {{cite book|last=Manning|first=Alan|title=Father Lincoln|year=2016|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=9781493018239}} * {{cite book|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|year=2005|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|publisher=McFarland |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NMt-yrjVE50C}}|isbn=9780786420261}} *{{cite book|last=Mansfield|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Mansfield|title=Lincoln's Battle with God|year=2012|publisher=Thomas Nelson|isbn=9781595553096}} *{{cite book|last=Marvel|first=William|year=2008|title=Lincoln's Darkest Year: the war in 1862|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=9780547523866}} *{{cite book|last=McClintock|first=Russell|year=2008|title=Lincoln and the Decision for War|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807886328}} *{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=o30wBAAAQBAJ}}|title=Lincoln's Greatest Case: The River, the Bridge, and the Making of America|last=McGinty|first=Brian|date=2015|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780871407856}} * {{cite book|last=McGovern|first=George S.|author-link=George McGovern|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln: The American Presidents Series: The 16th President, 1861β1865|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=oytingEACAAJ}}|isbn=9780805083453}} * {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|author-link=James M. McPherson|year=1992|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=vFNppNaal6AC}}|isbn=9780195076066}} * {{cite book|last=McPherson|first=James M.|author-link=James M. McPherson|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3BMSDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=9780195374520}} * {{cite book|last=Meacham|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Meacham |year=2022|title=And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle |publisher=Random House|isbn=9780553393965}} *{{cite book|last=Murrin|first=John |year=2006|title=Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People|publisher= Clark Baxter|isbn=9780495915881}} *{{cite book|last=Myers|first=Marshall|year=2018|title=The Rhetoric of Lincoln's Letters|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476631158}} *{{cite book|last1=Neely|first1=Mark|author1-link=Mark E. Neely Jr.|last2=Holzer|first2=Harold|author2-link=Harold Holzer|year=2006|title=The Lincoln Family Album|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=9780809327133}} * {{cite book|last1=Noll|first1=Mark A.|authorlink=Mark Noll|year=2002|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i4kRDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=9780195151114}} * {{cite book|last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw|author-link=Phillip S. Paludan|year=1994|title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=University Press of Kansas|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Qi4aAQAAIAAJ}}|isbn=9780700606719}} *{{cite book |last=Peck |first=Garrett |title=Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet |year=2015 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=9781626199736}} *{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Merrill|authorlink=Merrill D. Peterson|year=1995|title=Lincoln in American Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198023043}} * {{cite book|last=Potter|first=David M.|author-link=David M. Potter|year=1977|title=The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848β1861|publisher=HarperCollins|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=S7Qk9nIwk14C}}|isbn=9780061319297}} * {{cite book|last=Randall|first=James Garfield|author-link=James G. Randall|year=1962|title=Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DHUqAAAAYAAJ}}}} *{{cite book | last=Samuels | first=Shirley |authorlink=Shirley Samuels| title=The Cambridge Companion to Abraham Lincoln | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Companions to American Studies | year=2012 | isbn=9780521193160 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFwKQ14iJYsC}} * {{cite book|last=Sandburg|first=Carl|authorlink=Carl Sandburg|year=2002|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EPmfzxRags0C}}|isbn=9780156027526}} *{{cite book|last=Schaffer|first=Jeffrey P.|title=Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails|publisher=Wilderness Press|year=1999|isbn=9780899972442}} * {{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|authorlink=Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|year=2000|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=XZwX9ANHHbUC}}|isbn=9780226741970}} * {{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|authorlink=Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1p9T8drMHeYC}}|isbn=9780226741888}} *{{cite book|last=Silver|first=David|title=Lincoln's Supreme Court|year=1998|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252067198}} * {{cite book|last=Simon|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Simon (politician)|year=1990|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Legislative Years|publisher=University of Illinois Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=WSm1wQEACAAJ}}|isbn=9780252002038}} * {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|author-link=Robert C. Smith (political scientist)|year=2010|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same|publisher=State University of New York Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ueQjmQEACAAJ}}|isbn=9781438432335}} * {{cite book|last=Steers|first=Edward Jr.|author-link=Edward Steers Jr.|year=2010|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|publisher=HarperCollins|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=5XbXsdrLwn8C}}|isbn=9780061787751}} * {{cite book|last=Striner|first=Richard|year=2006|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EuR2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=9780195183061}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Taranto|editor1-first=James|editor-link1=James Taranto|editor2-last=Leo|editor2-first=Leonard|editor-link2=Leonard Leo|year=2004|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Free Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=myl2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=9780743254335}} * {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|author-link=Benjamin P. Thomas|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fkB_E9GM0XoC}}|isbn=9780809328871}} *{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=WTGTAAAAIAAJ|page=385}}|title=Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War|last1=Thomas|first1=Benjamin Platt|author-link1=Benjamin P. Thomas|last2=Hyman|first2=Harold Melvin|author-link2=Harold Hyman|date=1962|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}} *{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Todd|year=2015|title=The National Joker: Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Satire|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=9780809334230}} *{{cite book|last1=Trefousse|first1=Hans L.|authorlink=Hans L. Trefousse|title=Andrew Johnson: A Biography|date=1989|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393317428}} *{{cite book|last1=Trefousse|first1=Hans L.|authorlink=Hans L. Trefousse|chapter=Lincoln and race relations|pages=87–100|editor-last=Hubbard|editor-first=Charles|title=Abraham Lincoln and His Contemporaries|year=1999|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=9780865546271}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Vile|first=John R.|year=2003|title=Lincoln, Abraham (1809β1865)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789β2002|edition=2nd|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851094288 }} * {{cite book|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|year=2001|title=Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=f-UQWNPD5qgC}}|isbn=9780521652674}} * {{cite book |last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |year=2002 |title=The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to WilsonβThe Fierce Battles over Money and Power That Transformed the Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/greattaxwars00weis |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0684850680}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=Ronald C.|author-link=Ronald C. White|year=2009|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781588367754}} *{{cite book|last=White|first= Jonathan W.|title=Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman|publisher= Louisiana State University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780807142158}} * {{cite book|last=Wills|first=Garry|author-link=Garry Wills|year=2012|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America|publisher=Simon & Schuster|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=7-aynIQRkYcC}}|isbn=9781439126455}} * {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Douglas L.|author-link=Douglas L. Wilson |title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|year=1999|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=9780307765819}} * {{cite book|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|year=2001|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=JcEVAAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=9781461734369}} *{{cite book|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|year=2011|title=Abraham and Mary Lincoln|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=9780809379996}} *{{cite book|last=Work|first=David|year=2024|title=Lincoln's Political Generals|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252056888}} * {{cite book|last=Zarefsky|first=David|author-link=David Zarefsky|year=1993|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|publisher=University of Chicago Press|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SlCU9PS9VGcC}}|isbn=9780226978765}} {{Refend}}
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