Editing Rochester, New York (section)

===Transportation===
====Maritime====
[[File:RochesterCanal RochesterNY.jpg|thumb|Packet boats on the [[Genesee River]]]]
There is marine freight service at the [[Charlotte, Rochester, New York|Port of Rochester]] on Lake Ontario, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. The Erie Canal intersects the Genesee River on the south side of the city.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of passenger ferries operated on Lake Ontario between the Port of Rochester and Canada. Service ended in 1950 when the ''Ontario I'' and ''Ontario II'' ended their route between Rochester and [[Cobourg]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaisson |first1=Bill |title=Fast ferry, past and future |url=https://www.roccitymag.com/news-opinion/fast-ferry-past-and-future-2128356 |website=CITY Magazine |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208194209/https://www.roccitymag.com/news-opinion/fast-ferry-past-and-future-2128356 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |date=24 December 2003}}</ref> A new ferry, the [[HSC Virgen de Coromoto|Spirit of Ontario I]], operated between Rochester and Toronto from June 17, 2004, to December 12, 2005. The ferry suffered from numerous issues, including two separate pier collisions that damaged it. The initial operator, [[Canadian American Transportation Systems]] (CATS), went bankrupt by the end of the 2004 season. The city of Rochester then purchased the ferry and signed a contract with [[Bay Ferries Great Lakes]] to resume operations in 2005. The resumption of service was delayed until summer, causing the ferry to continue to operate at a loss. In 2006, the operation was shut down and the ferry was sold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fast Ferry failure: Timeline of Rochester's doomed vessel |url=https://www.rochesterfirst.com/news/digital-exclusives/fast-ferry-failure-timeline-of-rochesters-doomed-vessel/ |website=Rochester First |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224155814/https://www.rochesterfirst.com/news/digital-exclusives/fast-ferry-failure-timeline-of-rochesters-doomed-vessel/ |archive-date=24 December 2019 |date=23 December 2019}}</ref>

====Air====
{{Main|Greater Rochester International Airport}}
[[File:Greater Rochester International Airport May 2007 Aerial View.jpg|thumb|Aerial View of the [[Greater Rochester International Airport]]]]
Rochester is served by the Frederick Douglass Greater Rochester International Airport (GRIA). Scheduled air service is provided by [[American Airlines|American]], [[Allegiant Airlines|Allegiant]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], [[Frontier Airlines|Frontier]], [[JetBlue Airways|JetBlue]], [[Southwest Airlines|Southwest]], [[Spirit Airlines|Spirit]], and [[United Airlines|United]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airlines Serving ROC |url=https://rocairport.com/airlines |access-date=October 9, 2022 |website=ROC Frederick Douglass Greater Rochester International Airport}}</ref>

[[FedEx]] founder [[Frederick W. Smith|Fred Smith]] has stated in several articles that [[Xerox]]'s development of the copier, and its need to quickly get parts to customers, was one of the economic issues that led him to pioneer the overnight delivery business in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2004-09-19/online-extra-fred-smith-on-the-birth-of-fedex|title=Fred Smith on the birth of FedEx|date=September 20, 2004|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026235204/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2004-09-19/online-extra-fred-smith-on-the-birth-of-fedex|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://memphismagazine.com/api/content/78c56f2c-5f90-11e9-96e2-12f1225286c6/|title=Federal Express: The Million-Dollar Dream Machine|last=Neill|first=Kenneth|date=April 17, 2019|website=Memphis magazine|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418141542/https://memphismagazine.com/features/fred-smith-dream-machine/|archive-date=April 18, 2019|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> Because Xerox manufactured its copiers in Rochester,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Xerox Corp. to Build $15 Million Complex Near Rochester, N.Y.|last=Staff Reporter|first=Wall Street Journal|date=September 16, 1970|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|id={{ProQuest|133473007}}}}</ref> the city was one of the original 25 cities FedEx served on its first night of operations on April 17, 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.van.fedex.com/fedex-opco-history|title=History of FedEx Operating Companies|website=[[FedEx]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723114640/http://about.van.fedex.com/fedex-opco-history|archive-date=July 23, 2012|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, Governor [[Andrew Cuomo]] announced a $63.4&nbsp;million project to renovate the GRIA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2016/09/21/gov-andrew-cuomo-making-stop-at-greater-rochester-international-airport/90773268/|title=Airport getting $39.8M for upgrades|last=Clausen|first=Todd|date=September 21, 2020|website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927173325/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2016/09/21/gov-andrew-cuomo-making-stop-at-greater-rochester-international-airport/90773268/|url-status=live}}</ref> The renovations include a large canopy extending over both main entrances, solar panels, a rainwater collection system, and modern communication and security enhancements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/04/23/rochester-airport-canopy-upgrade-tech-play-clock-nations/525793002/|title=Airport canopy installation to begin; later, an Etch A Sketch and Pong|last=Sharp|first=Brian|date=April 23, 2018|website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410142142/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/04/23/rochester-airport-canopy-upgrade-tech-play-clock-nations/525793002/|url-status=live}}</ref>  All construction was completed by October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbj.net/2018/10/31/rochester-airport-completes-79-4-million-renovation-project/|title=Rochester airport completes $79.4 million renovation project|last=Spicer|first=Velvet|date=October 31, 2018|website=Rochester Business Journal|language=en-US|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182842/https://rbj.net/2018/10/31/rochester-airport-completes-79-4-million-renovation-project/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Rails and mass transit====
{{See also|Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station|Rochester Subway}}
[[File:Rochester platform 2019.jpg|thumb|Platform at the [[Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station]]]]
Local bus service in Rochester and its county suburbs is provided by the [[Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority]] (RGRTA) via its Regional Transit Service (RTS) subsidiary. RTS also provides suburban service outside the immediate Rochester area and runs smaller transportation systems in outlying counties, such as WATS (Wayne Area Transportation System). All RTS routes are based out of the RTS Transit Center on Mortimer Street. Rochester has intercity and transcontinental bus service via [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] and [[Trailways Transportation System|Trailways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rochester, New York - Bus Station and Stops |url=https://trailways.com/bus-station/rochester-ny/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Trailways |language=en}}</ref>

Rail service to Rochester is provided by the Louise M. Slaughter Rochester Station, served by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Empire Service]]'' between New York City and Niagara Falls, the ''[[Maple Leaf (train)|Maple Leaf]]'' between New York City and Toronto, and the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' between New York City/Boston and Chicago. Prior to 1965, Rochester had a smaller station reminiscent of New York City's "[[Grand Central Terminal]]". It was among [[Claude Fayette Bragdon]]'s best works in Rochester.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} The current station is modeled after Bragdon's work and named in honor of former longtime congresswoman [[Louise Slaughter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://13wham.com/news/local/rochesters-train-station-named-in-honor-of-late-congresswoman-louise-slaughter|title=Rochester's train station named in honor of late Congresswoman Louise Slaughter|date=March 25, 2019|website=[[WHAM-TV]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806175557/https://13wham.com/news/local/rochesters-train-station-named-in-honor-of-late-congresswoman-louise-slaughter|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rochester used to be a major stop on several railroad lines. The [[New York Central Railroad]] provided service to Chicago and Buffalo to the west and Albany and New York City to the east and southeast. The [[Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway]] (absorbed by the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]) served Buffalo and Pittsburgh until 1955. A rail route to Salamanca in southern New York State afforded connections in [[Salamanca, New York|Salamanca]] to southwestern and southeastern New York State.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.r2parks.net/BR&P.html |title=Buffalo Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway |website=www.r2parks.net |access-date=December 25, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214052053/http://www.r2parks.net/BR%26P.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}} The last long-distance train was the ''Northern Express''/''Southern Express,'' operated by the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] on the [[Genesee Valley Canal Railroad]], that went to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] via Canandaigua, Elmira and Williamsport; service ended in 1971.<ref>{{cite report|author=Christopher T. Baer |title=NAMED TRAINS OF THE PRR INCLUDING THROUGH SERVICES |date=September 8, 2009 |url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231920/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf|archive-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> Also serving Rochester were the [[Erie Railroad]] and [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

[[File:Rochester NY Broad Street Bridge Subway 2001.jpg|thumb|The Broad Street Aqueduct was used as a [[Rochester Subway|subway tunnel]] in the mid-20th century.]]
From 1927 to 1956, Rochester had a [[light rail]] underground transit system called the [[Rochester subway]], which was first operated by [[New York State Railways]] and later by the [[Rochester Transit Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Middleton|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foSEPTUE7NMC&pg=PA90|title=Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America|date=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34179-2|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819065449/https://books.google.com/books?id=foSEPTUE7NMC&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="subway" /> Rochester was the smallest city in the world to have such a system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Frank|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/376-pipe-dreams-or-the-rochester-ghost-subway|title=The Ghost Subway of Rochester, New York|date=July 23, 2010|work=[[Big Think]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|language=en|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170203/https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/376-pipe-dreams-or-the-rochester-ghost-subway|url-status=live}}</ref> After the subway was shut down in 1956, the eastern half of the subway past Court Street became the [[Eastern Expressway]], and the western end of the open cut was filled in 1976. The tunnel was last used for freight service by [[Gannett Company]] to bring paper to the printing presses for the [[Democrat and Chronicle]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Freile |first1=Victoria E. |title=Take a peek inside the stunning, abandoned Rochester subway tunnels |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/in-depth/lifestyle/2021/07/12/rochester-subway-beckons-people-underground-65-years-after-last-train/7540544002/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |date=12 July 2021}}</ref> In the years since, the tunnel has become a hub for [[graffiti]] artists. Several proposals have been made to completely fill the remaining tunnel, redevelop the underground space, or convert the bridge to a pedestrian crossing. Portions have been filled in at the western end and the eastern end for new above-ground development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/10/03/inside-erie-canal-aqueduct/73163610/|title=Visitors go below to see unused tunnel|last=McDermott|first=Meaghan M.|date=October 3, 2015|website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004816/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2015/10/03/inside-erie-canal-aqueduct/73163610/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/06/29/city-eyes-parking-rochesters-old-subway-tunnel/745517002/|title=City eyes parking in Rochester's old subway tunnel|last=Sharp|first=Brian|date=June 29, 2018|website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020231054/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2018/06/29/city-eyes-parking-rochesters-old-subway-tunnel/745517002/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Broad Street Bridge (Rochester, New York)|Broad Street aqueduct]], which contains part of the tunnel, was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75318808|title=New York SP Erie Canal: Second Genesee Aqueduct|publisher=Department of the Interior. National Park Service.|year=1976|series=[[National Register of Historic Places]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806213642/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75318808|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Major highways and roads====
[[File:RocNight Rochester at Night, October 1st 2016 (30057483855).jpg|right|thumb|[[Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge]] on [[Interstate 490 (New York)|Interstate 490]]]]
Three exits off the [[New York State Thruway]] ([[Interstate 90 in New York|I-90]]) serve Rochester. Rochester's expressway system, conceived in the 1950s, was designed as two concentric circles with feeder expressways from the west, south and east. The system allows for quick travel within the metropolitan area and a lack of the traffic gridlock typically found in cities of comparable size; in part this is because the system was designed to accommodate rapid travel between the suburbs and downtown,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=David|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/highways-give-way-to-homes-as-cities-rebuild-11575208801|title=Highways Give Way to Homes as Cities Rebuild|date=December 1, 2019|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=March 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325131347/https://www.wsj.com/articles/highways-give-way-to-homes-as-cities-rebuild-11575208801|url-status=live}}</ref> and also because it was built when the city's population was over 330,000, whereas today it is a full third less.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schneider|first=Keith|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/business/old-highway-paves-road-for-recovery-in-rochester.html|title=Taking Out a Highway That Hemmed Rochester In|date=November 1, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 5, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022607/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/02/business/old-highway-paves-road-for-recovery-in-rochester.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[New York State Route 47|Outer Loop]] circles just outside the city limits while the former [[Inner Loop (Rochester)|Inner Loop]] once circled around the immediate downtown area within the city (the easternmost sector was closed in 2015). From the west are [[Lake Ontario State Parkway]], [[New York State Route 531|NY 531]] and [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]]; [[Interstate 390|I-390]] feeds from the south; and [[New York State Route 104|NY 104]], [[New York State Route 441|NY 441]], and [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]] approach from the east.

In the early 1970s, the Genesee Expressway Task Force, City leaders, and the New York State Department of Transportation studied the feasibility of connecting the outer and inner Loops with a new southern expressway. The proposed route extended north from the I-390 and I-590 interchange in Brighton, cutting through Rochester's Swillburg neighborhood. In 1972, consultants Berger Lehman Associates recommended a new 'Busway', an expressway with dedicated bus lanes, similar to Bus Rapid Transit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pritchard| first=Keith|title=Fate of 'Busway' Rests With Drivers|newspaper=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|date=December 24, 1972}}</ref> The expressway extension was never built. In 2016, the City of Rochester launched the [[Pace Car Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reconnectrochester.org/2016/11/city-rochester-pace-car-program |title=City of Rochester's Pace Car Program Asks Drivers to Be Part of the Solution - Reconnect Rochester works to promote transportation choices that enable a more vibrant and equitable community in the Rochester, NY region |website=Reconnectrochester.org |date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130149/http://reconnectrochester.org/2016/11/city-rochester-pace-car-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:I-390.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 390|I-390]] (Genesee Expressway)
*I-390 runs south–north, crossing [[Interstate 90 in New York|I-90]] (exit 46) and routing north through Rochester's western suburbs. Its northern end is at [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]], however, it continues north as [[New York State Route 390|NY 390]] until it merges into the [[Lake Ontario State Parkway]]. South of I-90, I-390 runs to [[Avoca, New York|Avoca]], where it meets with [[U.S. Route 15 in New York|US 15]] and the Southern Tier Expressway, [[Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania-New York)|I-86]].
[[File:I-490.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]] (Western/Eastern Expressway)
*I-490 runs west–east through Rochester, starting at [[Le Roy, New York|Le Roy]] and ending in [[Victor, New York|Victor]]. It interchanges with the two other Interstates in Rochester: I-390 at the western city limit and [[Interstate 590|I-590]] at the eastern limit, as well as connecting at both ends with the Thruway, [[Interstate 90 in New York|I-90]] (exits 47 and 45). In July 2007, a new bridge over the [[Genesee River]] was completed and named the [[Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge]].
[[File:I-590.svg|25px]] [[Interstate 590|I-590]]
*I-590 runs south–north through Rochester's eastern suburbs. Its southern end is at I-390, while the northern terminus is at [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]]; the highway continues north to the shore of Lake Ontario as [[New York State Route 590|NY 590]].
*In decreasing usage is the term "[[Can of Worms (interchange)|Can of Worms]]", referring to the previously dangerous at-grade intersection of [[Interstate 490 (New York)|I-490]] and expressway [[New York State Route 590|NY 590]] on the eastern edge of the Rochester city limits, bordering the suburb of [[Brighton, Monroe County, New York|Brighton]]. In the 1980s, a multimillion-dollar project created a system of overpasses and ramps that reduced the danger but resulted in the loss of certain exits.

[[File:NY-104.svg|25px]] [[New York State Route 104|NY 104]] (Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway, West Ridge Road)
*NY 104 – Just east of the NY 590 interchange, NY 104 becomes the Irondequoit-Wayne County Expressway and crosses the [[Irondequoit Bay Bridge]]. On the other side of the Bay Bridge, in the town of Webster, NY 104 has exits before returning to an at-grade highway at Basket Road.
[[File:NY-390.svg|25px]] [[New York State Route 390|NY 390]]
*NY 390 is an extension of Interstate 390 from the I-390/I-490 interchange in Gates. The northern terminus is at the Lake Ontario State Parkway in Greece, less than a mile from the Lake Ontario shoreline.
[[File:NY-590.svg|25px]] [[New York State Route 590|NY 590]]
*NY 590 is a limited-access extension of Interstate 590 that runs from an interchange between Interstate 490 and I-590 on the Brighton/Rochester border. The northern terminus is at Culver Road in Irondequoit, near Sea Breeze (the western shore of Irondequoit Bay at Lake Ontario).
[[File:Rochester Inner Loop.svg|25px]] [[Inner Loop (Rochester)|Inner Loop]]
*The Inner Loop Runs from I-490 to Main Street on the north end and from 490 to Monroe Avenue at the south end. Formerly a loop, the eastern end was demolished and replaced with a surface road between 2014 and 2017. Unsigned reference NY 940T begins and ends at I-490, and the rest of the Loop is part of I-490 between exits 13 and 15, including the [[Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge]]. This expressway is commonly used to define the borders of Downtown Rochester.

[[File:Lake Ontario State Parkway.svg|25px]] [[Lake Ontario State Parkway]]
*Lake Ontario State Parkway travels from [[Lakeside Beach State Park]] in Carlton, Orleans County. The eastern end is at Lake Avenue in the city of Rochester in Monroe County.