Editing Reformation (section)

===Edict of Torda===

After King Louis's death at Mohács, two claimants [[John Zápolya]] ({{reign|1526|1540}}) and Ferdinand I of Habsburg ({{reign|1526|1564}}) competed for the Hungarian throne.{{sfn|Daniel|1998|pp=49–51}} They were Catholic but neither of them risked to alienate potential supporters by anti-Protestant purges.{{sfn|Tóth|2006|pp=210–211}} The [[Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Saxon]] leader [[Markus Pemfflinger]] (d. 1537) promoted Evangelical preaching in the Saxon metropolis Hermanstadt ([[Sibiu]], Romania) from around 1530. Evangelical teaching spread among ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks, and Croats after Protestant aristocrats started to appoint Evangelical preachers to the churches under their [[jus patronatus|patronage]] in the 1530s. After Zápolya's death, the Ottomans [[Siege of Buda (1541)|conquered]] central Hungary, his widow [[Isabella Jagiellon]] (d. 1559) assumed the regency for their infant son [[John Sigismund Zápolya]] ({{reign|1540|1571}}) in [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom|eastern Hungary]] under Ottoman suzerainty, and Ferdinand ruled [[Royal Hungary]] in the north and west.{{sfn|Daniel|1998|pp=51–52, 62, 65}} Often in need of funds, Ferdinand seized church revenues, while Isabella and her treasurer the Catholic bishop [[George Martinuzzi]] (d. 1551) secularised the estates of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Transylvania|Transylvanian bishopric]].{{sfn|Tóth|2006|p=213}} The Transylvanian Saxons adopted the ''Augsburg Confession'' in 1544; five years later, [[Pentapolitana|five free royal boroughs]] accepted an Evangelical confession in Royal Hungary.{{sfn|Cameron|2012|p=282}}

Two former Catholic priests [[Matthias Dévay|Mátyás Dévai Bíró]] (d. 1547) and [[Mihály Sztárai]] (d. 1575) were among the first Hungarian pastors to teach Zwinglian Eucharistic theology. "[[Sacramentarianism]]" (the denial of Christ's presence in the Eucharist) and rebaptism were outlawed by the [[Diet of Hungary|Diet]] in Royal Hungary in 1548.{{sfn|Daniel|1998|p=65}} John Sigismund was open to religious innovations. Under the influence of his court chaplain [[Ferenc Dávid]] (d. 1579), he adhered to Reformed theology from 1562, and accepted antitrinitarian views during the last years of his life.{{refn|group=note|An exceptionally flexible theologian, Ferenc Dávid was bishop of the Evangelical, Reformed and Unitarian Churches during his life. John Sigismund was also heavily influenced by his antitrinitarian court physician [[Giorgio Biandrata]] (d. 1588).{{sfn|Tóth|2006|p=215}}{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=254}}}} The [[Edict of Torda]] legalised three Protestant denominations—Evangelical, Reformed and [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania|Unitarian]]—in eastern Hungary in 1568.{{sfn|Tóth|2006|pp=215–216}} Eastern Hungary transformed into the autonomous [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] under Ottoman suzerainty [[Treaty of Speyer (1570)|in 1570]]. The coexistence of four officially recognised churches—Catholicism and the three legalised Protestant denominations—remained a lasting feature of religious politics in Transylvania.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|pp=254–255, 443}} The most radical antitrinitarians rejected the New Testament and held Saturday (or [[Wheel of the Year|Sabbat]]h) as weekly holiday; hence they were called [[Szekler Sabbatarians|Sabbatarians]].{{sfn|Tóth|2006|p=216|}}