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==== LGBT political representation ==== {{See also|LGBTQ people in the United States}} [[File:Celebrating a new America -lovewins 58242 (18588276403).jpg|thumb|The [[White House]] illuminated in the colors of the [[Rainbow flag (LGBT)|rainbow flag]] after the ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' ruling legalized [[same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] nationally]] Although some scholars have disputed the benefits of descriptive representation, only a small number have argued that this form of representation actually has negative impacts on the group it represents.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Haider-Markel|first=Donald P.|date=2007|title=Representation and Backlash: The Positive and Negative Influence of Descriptive Representation|journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly|volume=32|issue=1|pages=107β133 |doi=10.3162/036298007X202001|jstor=40263412|issn=0362-9805}}</ref> Studies of bills relating to [[LGBTQ rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] in state legislatures have provided a more nuanced analysis. Pro-LGBT bills tend to be introduced in higher numbers when more LGBT representatives are elected to state legislatures, which may also indicate an increased likelihood of substantive representation.<ref name=":8" /> Increases in openly LGBT state lawmakers have also been hypothesized to inadvertently result in more anti-LGBT legislation, potentially as the result of backlash to their presence.<ref name=":8" /> Despite the risk of negative consequences, at least one study has concluded that the LGBT community receives net-benefits from increased openly LGBT representation.<ref name=":8" /> On the federal level, the presence of the [[Congressional Equality Caucus|Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus]] has been identified as improving the ability of Congress to address the intersectional issues faced by the LGBT community, as well as provide a source of pressure other than constituency on members of Congress to address LGBT issues.<ref name=":9" /> Additionally, non-LGBT members of the caucus have been criticized for not sponsoring enough legislation, emphasizing the value of openly LGBT members of Congress.<ref name=":9" /> While descriptive representation has provided benefits overall, scholars have noted that some groups in the community, such as [[transgender]] and [[Bisexuality|bisexual]] people, tend to receive less focus than [[gay]]s and [[lesbian]]s.<ref name=":9" />
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