Editing Netherlands (section)

===Art, architecture and philosophy===
{{Main|Dutch art|Architecture of the Netherlands|Dutch-language literature}}
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption1          = ''[[Netherlandish Proverbs]]'' by Brabantine artist [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]
| image2            = Bulb Fields.jpg
| caption2          = ''[[Bulb Fields|Flower Beds in Holland]]'' by Brabantine artist [[Vincent van Gogh]]
| image3            = Rijksmuseum 2022.jpg
| caption3          = The [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam
}}

The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. In the Middle Ages [[Hieronymus Bosch]] and [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] were leading Dutch pioneers. During the [[Dutch Golden Age]], the Dutch Republic was prosperous and witnessed a flourishing artistic movement. The "Dutch Masters", spanning this 17th century era, included [[Rembrandt]], [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Jan Steen]], and [[Jacob van Ruisdael]]. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century included [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Piet Mondrian]].

Literature flourished during the Dutch Golden Age, with [[Joost van den Vondel]] and [[Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft|P. C. Hooft]] as the most famous writers. In the 19th century, [[Multatuli]] wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony. [[The Diary of a Young Girl|''Diary of a Young Girl'']] by [[Anne Frank]] is the most translated book from Dutch. Other important 20th century authors include [[Harry Mulisch]], [[Jan Wolkers]], [[Hella Haasse]], [[Willem Frederik Hermans]], [[Cees Nooteboom]] and [[Gerard Reve]].

Various architectural styles can be distinguished in the Netherlands. The [[Romanesque architecture]] was built between 950 and 1250. [[Gothic architecture]] was used from about 1230. Gothic buildings had large windows, pointed arches and were richly decorated. [[Brabantine Gothic]] originated with the rise of the Duchy of Brabant and spread throughout the Burgundian provinces. [[Dutch Baroque architecture]] (1525–1630) and classicism (1630–1700) is especially evident in the west. Other architectural styles are [[Art Nouveau]], [[Expressionist architecture|Expressionism]], [[De Stijl]], [[Traditionalist School (architecture)|Traditionalism]] and [[Brutalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architecture-history.org/schools/NETHERLANDS.html|title=NETHERLANDS|website=architecture-history.org}}</ref>

[[Erasmus]] and [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] were famous Dutch philosophers. The Dutch scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]] (1629–95) discovered [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], argued that light travelled as waves, invented the [[pendulum clock]], and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] was the first to observe and describe [[Microorganism|single-celled organisms]] with a [[microscope]].

[[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[clog]]s, cheese, and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] have grown to symbolize the Netherlands, especially among tourists.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Holland as other place and other time: alterity in projected tourist images of the Netherlands|first1=Bouke|last1=van Gorp|first2=Tine|last2=Béneker|date=1 April 2007|journal=GeoJournal|volume=68|issue=4|pages=293–305|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9085-9|s2cid=129230373 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2007GeoJo..68..293V }}</ref>