Editing Heart (section)

=== Pre-modern ===
The earliest descriptions of the [[coronary circulation|coronary]] and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the ''[[Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon]]'', published in 1242 by [[Ibn al-Nafis]].<ref name="Michelakis">{{cite journal|last1=Michelakis|first1=E.D.|title=Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow|journal=[[Circulation Research]]|date=19 June 2014|volume=115|issue=1|pages=109–114|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.301132|pmid=24951761|doi-access=free}}</ref> In his manuscript, al-Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen.<ref name="West2008">{{cite journal|last=West|first=John|title=Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age|journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]]|year=2008|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008|volume=105|issue=6|pmid=18845773|pmc=2612469|pages=1877–1880}}</ref> His work was later translated into [[Latin]] by [[Andrea Alpago]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bondke Persson|first1=A.|last2=Persson|first2=P.B.|title=Form and function in the vascular system|journal=[[Acta Physiologica]]|volume=211|issue=3|pages=468–470|doi=10.1111/apha.12309|pmid=24800879|year=2014|s2cid=26211642}}</ref>

In Europe, the teachings of Galen continued to dominate the academic community and his doctrines were adopted as the official canon of the Church. [[Andreas Vesalius]] questioned some of Galen's beliefs of the heart in ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' (1543), but his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] was interpreted as a challenge to the authorities and he was subjected to a number of attacks.<ref name="west2014">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=J.B.|title=Galen and the beginnings of Western physiology|journal=[[American Journal of Physiology|AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology]]|date=30 May 2014|volume=307|issue=2|pages=L121–L128|doi=10.1152/ajplung.00123.2014|pmid=24879053|s2cid=5656712|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd6b/3bb1b19195825c9a5ac2c1201ddc5925aa6b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302220754/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd6b/3bb1b19195825c9a5ac2c1201ddc5925aa6b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Michael Servetus]] wrote in ''[[Christianismi Restitutio]]'' (1553) that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs.<ref name="west2014"/>