Editing French Resistance (section)

===Épurations ("purges")===
<!-- "Épurations" and "Épuration" link here. See MOS:HIDDENLINKADVICE before renaming this section. -->
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1971-041-10, Paris, der Kollaboration beschuldigte Französinnen.jpg|thumb|Women accused of collaboration with their heads shaved.]]

Immediately following the liberation, France was swept by a wave of executions, public humiliations, assaults and detentions of suspected collaborators, known as the ''[[épuration sauvage]]'' (wild purge).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=577}} This period succeeded the German occupational administration but preceded the authority of the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Provisional Government]], and consequently lacked any form of institutional justice.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=577}} Approximately 9,000 were executed, mostly without trial as [[summary execution]]s,{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=577}} notably including members and leaders of the pro-Nazi milices. In one case, as many as 77 milices members were summarily executed at once.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [[Henri Amouroux]], [http://www.asmp.fr/travaux/communications/2006/amouroux.htm 'La justice du Peuple en 1944'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423205311/http://www.asmp.fr/travaux/communications/2006/amouroux.htm |date=2007-04-23 }}, [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques]], 9 Jan 2006.</ref> An inquest into the issue of summary executions launched by Jules Moch, the Minister of the Interior, came to the conclusion that there were 9,673 summary executions. A second inquest in 1952 separated out 8,867 executions of suspected collaborators and 1,955 summary executions for which the motive of killing was not known, giving a total of 10,822 executions. Head-shaving as a form of humiliation and [[shaming]] was a common feature of the purges,{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=580}} and between 10,000 and 30,000 women accused of having collaborated with the Germans or having had relationships with German soldiers or officers were subjected to the practice,{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=581}} becoming known as ''les tondues'' (the shorn).{{Sfn|Weitz|1995|pp=276–277}}

The official ''[[épuration légale]]'' ("legal purge") began following a June 1944 decree that established a three-tier system of judicial courts:{{Sfn|Gildea|2002|p=69}} a High Court of Justice which dealt with Vichy ministers and officials; Courts of Justice for other serious cases of alleged collaboration; and regular Civic Courts for lesser cases of alleged collaboration.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=577}}{{Sfn|Williams|1992|pp=272–273}} Over 700 collaborators were executed following proper legal trials. This initial phase of the purge trials ended with a series of amnesty laws passed between 1951 and 1953<ref name="Repression">Conan, Rousso (1998), p. 9</ref> which reduced the number of imprisoned collaborators from 40,000 to 62,{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=608}} and was followed by a period of official "repression" that lasted between 1954 and 1971.<ref name="Repression"/>