Editing Epigenetics (section)

===Addiction===
[[Addiction]] is a disorder of the brain's [[reward system]] which arises through [[transcriptional]] and neuroepigenetic mechanisms and occurs over time from chronically high levels of exposure to an addictive stimulus (e.g., morphine, cocaine, sexual intercourse, gambling).<ref name="Nestler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Robison AJ, Nestler EJ | title = Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = 623–637 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21989194 | pmc = 3272277 | doi = 10.1038/nrn3111 }}</ref><ref name="Cheron2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheron J, Kerchove d'Exaerde A | title = Drug addiction: from bench to bedside | journal = Translational Psychiatry | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 424 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34385417 | pmc = 8361217 | doi = 10.1038/s41398-021-01542-0 }}</ref><ref name="G9a reverses ΔFosB plasticity">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T | title = Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction | journal = Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 491–496 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23020045 }}</ref> Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of addictive [[phenotypes]] has been noted to occur in preclinical studies.<ref name="pmid23920159">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vassoler FM, Sadri-Vakili G | title = Mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance of addictive-like behaviors | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 264 | pages = 198–206 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 23920159 | pmc = 3872494 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.064 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26572641">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yuan TF, Li A, Sun X, Ouyang H, Campos C, Rocha NB, Arias-Carrión O, Machado S, Hou G, So KF | title = Transgenerational Inheritance of Paternal Neurobehavioral Phenotypes: Stress, Addiction, Ageing and Metabolism | journal = Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 53 | issue = 9 | pages = 6367–6376 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 26572641 | doi = 10.1007/s12035-015-9526-2 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 25694221 | hdl = 10400.22/7331 }}</ref> However, robust evidence in support of the persistence of epigenetic effects across multiple generations has yet to be established in humans; for example, an epigenetic effect of prenatal exposure to smoking that is observed in great-grandchildren who had not been exposed.<ref name="PlominDeFries2012" />