Editing Energy storage (section)

== Research ==

=== Germany ===
In 2013, the German government allocated €200M (approximately US$270M) for research, and another €50M to subsidize battery storage in residential rooftop solar panels, according to a representative of the German Energy Storage Association.<ref name="NYTimes-2013.10.13"/>

[[Siemens|Siemens AG]] commissioned a production-research plant to open in 2015 at the ''Zentrum für Sonnenenergie und Wasserstoff (ZSW,'' the German Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in the [[Baden-Württemberg|State of Baden-Württemberg]]), a university/industry collaboration in Stuttgart, Ulm and Widderstall, staffed by approximately 350 scientists, researchers, engineers, and technicians. The plant develops new near-production manufacturing materials and processes (NPMM&P) using a computerized [[SCADA|Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition]] (SCADA) system. It aims to enable the expansion of [[rechargeable battery]] production with increased quality and lower cost.<ref name="Physics.org.a" /><ref name="ZSW-BW.de" />

From 2023 onwards, a new project by the [[German Research Foundation]] focuses on [[Photoswitch|molecular photoswitches]] to store solar thermal energy. The spokesperson of these so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems is Prof. Dr. Hermann A. Wegner.<ref name="DFG5499-2024.11.26"/>

=== United States ===
In 2014, research and test centers opened to evaluate energy storage technologies. Among them was the Advanced Systems Test Laboratory at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin at Madison]] in [[Wisconsin|Wisconsin State]], which partnered with battery manufacturer [[Johnson Controls]].<ref name="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel-2014.05.05" /> The laboratory was created as part of the university's newly opened [[Wisconsin Energy Institute]]. Their goals include the evaluation of state-of-the-art and next generation [[Electric vehicle battery|electric vehicle batteries]], including their use as grid supplements.<ref name="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel-2014.05.05" />

The [[New York (state)|State of New York]] unveiled its New York Battery and Energy Storage Technology (NY-BEST) Test and Commercialization Center at [[Eastman Business Park]] in [[Rochester, New York]], at a cost of $23&nbsp;million for its almost 1,700&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> laboratory. The center includes the Center for Future Energy Systems, a collaboration between [[Cornell University]] of [[Ithaca, New York]] and the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Troy, New York]]. NY-BEST tests, validates and independently certifies diverse forms of energy storage intended for commercial use.<ref name="Democrat and Chronicle-2014.04.30" />

On September 27, 2017, Senators [[Al Franken]] of Minnesota and [[Martin Heinrich]] of New Mexico introduced Advancing Grid Storage Act (AGSA), which would devote more than $1 billion in research, technical assistance and grants to encourage energy storage in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/09/28/senators-want-more-than-1-billion-to-promote-energy-storage-answers/|title=Senators want more than $1 billion to promote energy storage answers|work=pv magazine USA|access-date=September 28, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=September 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928180958/https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/09/28/senators-want-more-than-1-billion-to-promote-energy-storage-answers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In grid models with high [[Variable renewable energy|VRE]] share, the excessive cost of storage tends to dominate the costs of the whole grid – for example, in [[California]] alone 80% share of VRE would require 9.6 TWh of storage but 100% would require 36.3 TWh. According to another study, supplying 80% of US demand from VRE would require a smart grid covering the whole country or battery storage capable to supply the whole system for 12 hours, both at cost estimated at $2.5 trillion.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

=== United Kingdom ===
In the United Kingdom, some 14 industry and government agencies allied with seven British universities in May 2014 to create the SUPERGEN Energy Storage Hub in order to assist in the coordination of energy storage technology research and development.<ref name="HVNPlus" /><ref name="ECNMag.com-2014.05.02" />