Editing Emotion (section)

== Notable theorists ==
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In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were [[William James]] (1842–1910) and [[Carl Lange (physician)|Carl Lange]] (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the [[James–Lange theory]], a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cherry|first=Kendra|name-list-style=vanc|title=What Is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/jindex/g/jameslange.htm|access-date=30 April 2012|archive-date=14 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214161205/http://psychology.about.com/od/jindex/g/jameslange.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Silvan Tomkins]] (1911–1991) developed the [[affect theory]] and script theory. The affect theory introduced the concept of basic emotions, and was based on the idea that the dominance of the emotion, which he called the affected system, was the motivating force in human life.<ref>{{cite web|last=The Tomkins Institute|title=Applied Studies in Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition|url=http://www.tomkins.org/Tomkins.html|access-date=30 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319164455/http://www.tomkins.org/Tomkins.html|archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref>

Some of the most influential deceased theorists on emotion from the 20th century include [[Magda B. Arnold]] (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the [[appraisal theory]] of emotions;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reisenzein|first1=R|s2cid=6113452|year=2006|title=Arnold's theory of emotion in historical perspective|journal=Cognition & Emotion|volume=20|issue=7|pages=920–951|doi=10.1080/02699930600616445|hdl=20.500.11780/598|hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Richard Lazarus]] (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; [[Herbert A. Simon]] (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; [[Robert Plutchik]] (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Plutchik|first1=R|s2cid=144109550|year=1982|title=A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions|journal=Social Science Information|volume=21|issue=4–5|pages=529–553|doi=10.1177/053901882021004003 }}</ref> [[Robert Zajonc]] (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; [[Robert C. Solomon]] (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as ''What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings'' (2003);<ref>{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Robert C.|title=What is an Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195159646|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisemotioncla00robe}}</ref> [[Peter Goldie]] (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; [[Nico Frijda]] (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book ''The Emotions'' (1986);<ref>[[Nico Frijda|Frijda, N.H.]] (1986). ''The Emotions''. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and [https://web.archive.org/web/20050316220621/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006 Cambridge University Press]</ref> [[Jaak Panksepp]] (1943–2017), an Estonian-born American psychologist, psychobiologist, neuroscientist and pioneer in affective neuroscience; [[John T. Cacioppo]] (1951–2018), one of the founding fathers of [[social neuroscience]]; [[George Mandler]] (1924–2016), an American psychologist who wrote influential books on cognition and emotion.

Influential theorists who are still active include the following psychologists, neurologists, philosophers, and sociologists:
* [[Michael Apter]] – (born 1939) British psychologist who developed [[reversal theory]], a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion
* [[Lisa Feldman Barrett]] – (born 1963) neuroscientist and psychologist specializing in [[affective science]] and human emotion
* [[Randall Collins]] – (born 1941) American sociologist from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] developed the interaction ritual theory which includes the emotional entrainment model
* [[Antonio Damasio]] (born 1944) – Portuguese behavioral neurologist and neuroscientist who works in the US
* [[Richard Davidson]] (born 1951) – American psychologist and neuroscientist; pioneer in [[affective neuroscience]]
* [[Paul Ekman]] (born 1934) – psychologist specializing in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions
* [[Barbara Fredrickson]] – Social psychologist who specializes in emotions and [[positive psychology]].
* [[Arlie Russell Hochschild]] (born 1940) – American sociologist whose central contribution was in forging a link between the subcutaneous flow of emotion in social life and the larger trends set loose by modern capitalism within organizations
* [[Joseph E. LeDoux]] (born 1949) – American neuroscientist who studies the biological underpinnings of memory and emotion, especially the mechanisms of fear
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* [[Jesse Prinz]] – American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics and consciousness
* [[James A. Russell]] (born 1947) – American psychologist who developed or co-developed the [[PAD emotional state model|PAD theory of environmental impact]], [[emotion classification#Circumplex model|circumplex model of affect]], prototype theory of emotion concepts, [[facial expression#Criticism|a critique of the hypothesis of universal recognition of emotion from facial expression]], concept of [[theory of constructed emotion#Core affect|core affect]], developmental theory of differentiation of emotion concepts, and, more recently, the theory of the [[emotional expression#Psychological construction model|psychological construction of emotion]]
* [[Klaus Scherer]] (born 1943) – Swiss psychologist and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva; he specializes in the psychology of emotion
* [[Ronald de Sousa]] (born 1940) – English–Canadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology
* [[Jonathan H. Turner]] (born 1942) – American sociologist from the [[University of California, Riverside]], who is a general sociological theorist with specialty areas including the sociology of emotions, ethnic relations, social institutions, social stratification, and bio-sociology
* [[Dominique Moïsi]] (born 1946) – authored a book titled ''The Geopolitics of Emotion'' focusing on emotions related to globalization<ref>{{cite book|last=Moisi|first=Dominique|title=The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope are Reshaping the World|year=2009|publisher=Bodley Head|location=London|isbn=978-1409077084}}</ref>