Editing Economy of Russia (section)

==External trade and investment==
[[File:Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) - Russian Federation - World Bank.png|thumb|Over the past 30 years, the share of imports of goods and services as a share of Russia's GDP has been below 25% for almost all years. The growth of oil rents, rapid economic growth, economic integration, WTO accession, improved transport accessibility and the government's import substitution program hardly changed the percentage, and only sanctions and boycotts in 2022 led to a drop to 15.6%.<ref>https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&locations=RU {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104144757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false&locations=RU |date=4 January 2024 }} {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>]]

===Trade===
Russia recorded a trade surplus of US$15.8 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ustr.gov/Russia |title=President Obama's Signature Paves Way for Permanent Normal Trade Relations with Russia and Moldova |website=ustr.gov |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025723/https://ustr.gov/Russia |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Balance of trade in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russia balance of trade averaged US$8.338billion reaching an all-time high of US$20.647 billion in December 2011 and a record low of −185 US$ million in February 1998. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities.

In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/RUS/Year/2015/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/WLD/Product/sitc-rev2-groups/Show/Product%20Group;XPRT-TRD-VL;XPRT-PRDCT-SHR;/Sort/XPRT-PRDCT-SHR|title=Russian Federation {{!}} SITC Rev2 Groups {{!}} Exports to World {{!}} 2015 {{!}} WITS {{!}} Data|website=wits.worldbank.org|language=en|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180741/https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/RUS/Year/2015/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/WLD/Product/sitc-rev2-groups/Show/Product|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia top exports in 2021 were: Crude oil $110.9b, Processed oil $69.9b, gold $17.3b, coal $15.4b and natural gas $7.3b.<ref name="worldbank.org"/>

Russia top imports in 2021 were: Transmission equipment $10.7b, medication $7.3b, tankers $3.7b, parts and accessories for data processing 3.7b and storage units $3.3b.<ref name="worldbank.org"/>

'''Foreign trade of Russia – Russian export and import'''<ref name="worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/RUS|title=Russian Federation – Trade At a glance – Most Recent Value – WITS – Data|website=wits.worldbank.org|access-date=4 October 2017|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122073247/https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/RUS|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! '''Year'''
| 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020 || 2021
|-
! '''Export (US$ Billions)'''
| 241 || 302 || 352 || 468 || 302 || 397 || 517 || 525 || 527 || 498 || 344 || 302 || 379 || 451 || 427 || 337 ||492
|-
! '''Import (US$ Billions)'''
| 99 || 138 || 200 || 267 || 171 || 229 || 306 || 316 || 315 || 287 || 183 || 207 || 260 || 240 || 247 || 231 || 293
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" 
|-
! colspan="2" | Top Trading Partners for Russia for 2021<ref name="worldbank.org"/>
|-
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | Imports into Russia 2021
|-
! Ranking || style="text-align:center;"| Country || style="text-align:center;"|Value (USD) || style="text-align:center;"| % 
|-
|   || style="text-align:center;"| World|| style="text-align:center;"| $293.4b || style="text-align:center;"| 100.0%
|-
| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| China|| style="text-align:center;"| $72.7b || style="text-align:center;"| 24.7%
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| Germany|| style="text-align:center;"| $27.3b || style="text-align:center;"| 9.3%
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| United States|| style="text-align:center;"| $17.2b || style="text-align:center;"| 5.8%
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| Belarus|| style="text-align:center;"| $15.6b || style="text-align:center;"| 5.3%
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| South Korea|| style="text-align:center;"| $12.9b || style="text-align:center;"| 4.4%
|-
| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| France|| style="text-align:center;"| $12.2b|| style="text-align:center;"| 4.1%
|-
| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy|| style="text-align:center;"| $12.0b || style="text-align:center;"| 4.1%
|-
| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| Japan|| style="text-align:center;"| $9.1b || style="text-align:center;"| 3.1%
|-
| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| Kazakhstan|| style="text-align:center;"| $7.1b || style="text-align:center;"| 2.4%
|-
| 10 || style="text-align:center;"| Turkey|| style="text-align:center;"| $6.5b || style="text-align:center;"| 2.2%
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="5" class="unsortable" | Exports from Russia for 2021
|-
! Ranking || style="text-align:center;"| Country || style="text-align:center;"|Value (USD) || style="text-align:center;"| % 
|-
|   || style="text-align:center;"| World|| style="text-align:center;"| $492.3b || style="text-align:center;"| 100.0%
|-
| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| China || style="text-align:center;"| $68.6b || style="text-align:center;"| 13.9%
|-
| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| Netherlands|| style="text-align:center;"| $42.1b || style="text-align:center;"| 8.5%
|-
| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| Germany|| style="text-align:center;"| $29.6b|| style="text-align:center;"| 6.0%
|-
| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| Turkey|| style="text-align:center;"| $26.4b|| style="text-align:center;"| 5.3%
|-
| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| Belarus|| style="text-align:center;"| $23.1b || style="text-align:center;"| 4.7%
|-
| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| United Kingdom|| style="text-align:center;"| $22.2b|| style="text-align:center;"| 4.5%
|-
| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| Italy|| style="text-align:center;"| $19.2b || style="text-align:center;"| 3.9%
|-
| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| Kazakhstan|| style="text-align:center;"| $18.4b || style="text-align:center;"| 3.7%
|-
| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| United States|| style="text-align:center;"| $17.7b || style="text-align:center;"| 3.6%
|-
| 10 || style="text-align:center;"| South Korea|| style="text-align:center;"| $16.8b|| style="text-align:center;"| 3.4%
|}
|}

[[File:ВРП по субъектам РФ на душу населения 2016.svg|thumb|[[Gross Regional Product|GRP]] per capita, 2016 (US dollars):
{{legend|#008000;|50&nbsp;000 and over}}
{{legend|#00BA00;|30&nbsp;000 – 50&nbsp;000}}
{{legend|#D3FB00;|9&nbsp;750 (Russian average) – 20&nbsp;000}}
{{legend|#FFFC00;|7&nbsp;500 – 9&nbsp;750}}
{{legend|#FFD20E;|5&nbsp;000 – 7&nbsp;500}}
{{legend|#FF6100;|under 3&nbsp;000}}
]]

===2013–===

In 2017, Russian Federation's commercial services' shares of total exports and imports were 13.9% and 26.8%, respectively. Russian Federation had a trade-to-GDP ratio of 46.6% in 2017.<ref>https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Russian_Federation.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626211443/https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Russian_Federation.pdf |date=26 June 2023 }} {{bare URL PDF|date=February 2024}}</ref> In 2013–2017, Russia had a trade surplus for goods, and a trade deficit for services. Since trade in goods is larger than trade in services, Russia had a significant trade surplus.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://rujec.org/article/49345/ | doi=10.32609/j.ruje.5.49345 | title=Russia in world trade: Between globalism and regionalism | year=2019 | last1=Melchior | first1=Arne | journal=Russian Journal of Economics | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=354–384 | s2cid=210124625 | doi-access=free | hdl=11250/2712033 | hdl-access=free | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618185826/https://rujec.org/article/49345/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Trade is relatively important to the Russian economy: the ratio of Russia's goods trade (exports plus imports) to GDP has averaged about 40% in recent years, compared to 20% for the United States. In 2021, Russia ranked 13th among world goods exporters and 22nd among importers. According to Russian official sources, its goods exports
totaled $492 billion in 2021, up 46% from 2020 (not adjusting for inflation). Minerals, including oil and gas, made up nearly 45% of these exports. Goods imports rose by 27%, reaching $294 billion in 2021. Machinery and mechanical appliances topped the list of imports, accounting for almost a third of Russia's goods imports. In services trade, Russia ranked 26th among world exporters and 19th among importers in 2020, the most recent year for which data is available. The country was a net importer of services, exporting $49 billion worth of services and importing $76 billion.<ref name="auto4"/>

According to the World Bank, imports of goods and services accounted for 21.3% of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS?year_high_desc=true | title=World Bank Open Data | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=20 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620110610/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS?year_high_desc=true | url-status=live }}</ref> while exports made up 30.9%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?name_desc=false | title=World Bank Open Data | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618162008/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?name_desc=false | url-status=live }}</ref> Russia has [[trade-to-GDP ratio]] (trade openness) 49.26%
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/trade-openness?tab=chart&country=~RUS | title=Trade openness | access-date=19 June 2023 | archive-date=18 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618155004/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/trade-openness?tab=chart&country=~RUS | url-status=live }}</ref> which is below the global average. In a December 2022 study, an economist from the Bank of Russia's Research and Forecasting Department found that Russia's import dependence is relatively low, does not exceed the median for other countries and the share of imports in most industries is lower than in other countries. The key explanation for this could be the low involvement of the Russian economy in global value supply chains and its focus on production of raw materials. However, 60% of Russia's imports come from the countries that have imposed sanctions against it.<ref name="auto1"/>