Editing Down syndrome (section)

==Research==
{{See also|Down syndrome research|Mouse models of Down syndrome}}
Efforts are underway to determine how the extra chromosome 21 material causes Down syndrome, as currently this is unknown,<ref name=Brigg2013/> and to develop treatments to improve intelligence in those with the syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodman MJ, Brixner DI | title = New therapies for treating Down syndrome require quality of life measurement | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A | volume = 161A | issue = 4 | pages = 639–641 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23495233 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.a.35705 | s2cid = 43840950 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Two efforts being studied are the use [[stem cells]]<ref name="Brigg2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Briggs JA, Mason EA, Ovchinnikov DA, Wells CA, Wolvetang EJ | title = Concise review: new paradigms for Down syndrome research using induced pluripotent stem cells: tackling complex human genetic disease | journal = Stem Cells Translational Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 175–184 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 23413375 | pmc = 3659762 | doi = 10.5966/sctm.2012-0117 }}</ref> and [[gene therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mole B |title=Researchers turn off Down's syndrome genes |url=https://www.nature.com/news/researchers-turn-off-down-s-syndrome-genes-1.13406 |journal=Nature News |access-date=25 December 2018 |language=en |doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13406|year=2013 |s2cid=87422171 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Fillat C, Altafaj X |title=Down Syndrome: From Understanding the Neurobiology to Therapy |chapter=Gene therapy for Down syndrome |series=Progress in Brain Research |date=2012 |volume=197 |pages=237–47 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-54299-1.00012-1 |pmid=22541296|isbn=9780444542991 }}</ref> Other methods being studied include the use of [[antioxidant]]s, [[gamma secretase inhibition]], [[adrenergic agonist]]s, and [[memantine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa AC, Scott-McKean JJ | title = Prospects for improving brain function in individuals with Down syndrome | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 27 | issue = 9 | pages = 679–702 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23821040 | doi = 10.1007/s40263-013-0089-3 | s2cid = 24030020 }}</ref> Research is often carried out on an [[animal model]], the [[mouse models of Down syndrome|Ts65Dn mouse]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa AC | title = On the promise of pharmacotherapies targeted at cognitive and neurodegenerative components of Down syndrome | journal = Developmental Neuroscience | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 414–427 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21893967 | pmc = 3254040 | doi = 10.1159/000330861 }}</ref>