Editing Cossacks (section)

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[[File:1900 - Kozachka by Vasylkivsky.tif|thumb|Portrait of a Cossack woman by Ukrainian artist [[Serhii Vasylkivsky]]]]
Cossacks have long appealed to [[Romanticism|romantics]] as idealizing freedom and resistance to external authority, and their military exploits against their enemies have contributed to this favorable image. For others, Cossacks are a symbol of repression, for their role in suppressing popular uprisings in the Russian Empire, during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of 1648–1657, and in [[pogrom]]s, including those perpetrated by the Terek Cossacks during the Russian revolution and by various Cossack atamans in Ukraine in 1919, among them atamans [[Danylo Terpylo|Zeleny]], [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv|Hryhoriv]], and [[Ivan Semesenko|Semosenko]].<ref name="heifetz">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/slaughterofjewsi00heifuoft |title=The Slaughter of the Jews in Ukraine in 1919 |publisher=Thomas Seltzer, Inc. |author=Heifetz, Elias |year=1921 |pages=65–66, 139 |access-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112005602/https://archive.org/details/slaughterofjewsi00heifuoft |archive-date=2013-11-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Stanislaw Maslowski (1853-1926), Cossacks Dance, 1883.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|''Cossacks Dance – [[Kozachok]]'' by [[Stanisław Masłowski]], [[oil painting|oil]] on canvas 1883<ref>Reproduction first published in "Album malarzy polskich", 1885, vol. 11, M. Robiczek Publ., [[Warsaw]]</ref>]]
[[File:Kozacka piesn.jpg|thumb|left|Ostap Kindrachuk, Ukrainian Cossack, playing the [[bandura]] in traditional dress]]

Literary reflections of Cossack culture abound in [[Russian literature|Russian]], [[Ukrainian literature|Ukrainian]], and [[Polish literature]], particularly in the works of [[Nikolai Gogol]] (''[[Taras Bulba]]''), [[Taras Shevchenko]], [[Mikhail Sholokhov]] ([[And Quiet Flows the Don]]), [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (''[[With Fire and Sword]]''). One of [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s first novellas, ''[[The Cossacks (novel)|The Cossacks]]'', depicts their autonomy and estrangement from Moscow and from centralized rule. Many of [[Isaac Babel]]'s stories (for instance, those in [[Red Cavalry]]) depict Cossack soldiers, and were based on Babel's experiences as a war correspondent attached to the [[1st Cavalry Army]].

Polish Romantic literature also commonly dealt with Cossack themes. Some of the Polish writers of this period (for instance, [[Michał Czajkowski]] and [[Józef Bohdan Zaleski]]) were known as "Cossacophiles" who wholeheartedly celebrated the Cossack history and lifestyle in their works. Others, such as [[Henryk Rzewuski]] and [[Michał Grabowski]], were more critical in their approach.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grabowicz |first1=George |title=Between History and Myth: Perceptions of the Cossack Past in Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian Romantic Literature |url=http://lab.chass.utoronto.ca/rescentre/slavic/ukr/Cossacks/Grabowicz-Cossack%20Past.pdf |website=University of Toronto |publisher=Slavica Publishers |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626131723/http://lab.chass.utoronto.ca/rescentre/slavic/ukr/Cossacks/Grabowicz-Cossack%20Past.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the literature of Western Europe, Cossacks appear in [[Lord Byron|Byron's]] poem "[[Mazeppa (poem)|Mazeppa]]", [[Alfred Tennyson|Tennyson's]] "[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]", and [[Richard Connell]]'s short story "[[The Most Dangerous Game]]". In many{{quantify|date=January 2015}} stories by adventure writer [[Harold Lamb]], the main character is a Cossack.

During the Imperial period, Cossacks acquired an image as the ferocious defenders of the antisemitic Russian state. Still, during the Soviet era, Jews were encouraged to admire Cossacks as the antitheses of the "parasitic" and "feeble dwellers of the shtetl."{{r|estraikh}} A number of Yiddish writers, including [[Khaim Melamud]], {{ill|Shmuel Gordon|ru|Гордон, Самуил Вульфович}}, {{ill|Viktor Fink|ru|Финк, Виктор Григорьевич}}, and {{ill|Shmuel Godiner|ru|Годинер, Самуил Давидович|he|שמואל ניסן גודינר}}, presented fictionalized accounts of peaceful Jewish-Cossack coexistence, while efforts were made by the pro-Soviet press to present Khmelnytsky as a heroic figure and Cossacks as liberators from the Nazis.{{r|estraikh}}

Historiography interprets Cossackdom in imperial and colonial terms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Plokhy |first1=Serhii |author-link1=Serhii Plokhii |title=The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFCM2Ai0FBcC |series=New Studies in European History |edition=Reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |page=357 |isbn=978-1-107-02210-2 |access-date=2015-01-27 |quote=...&nbsp;the Russian used by the Ukrainian elite of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ... was strongly influenced by the military and bureaucratic terminology of the period (the hallmark of the Cossack elite's imperial experience) ... The increasing influence of Russian ... gave evidence of the new cultural situation in the Hetmanate, which had all the hallmarks of a colonial setting. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517173423/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFCM2Ai0FBcC |archive-date=2015-05-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khodarkovsky |first1=Michael |title=Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti51WfA68RYC |series=Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies |edition=Reprint |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21770-7 |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405143208/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ti51WfA68RYC |archive-date=2015-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Ukraine, where Cossackdom represents historical and cultural heritage, some people have begun attempting to recreate the images of Ukrainian Cossacks. Traditional Ukrainian culture is often tied in with the Cossacks, and the Ukrainian government actively supports{{when|date=January 2015}} these attempts.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} The traditional Cossack ''[[bulawa|bulava]]'' serves as a symbol of the Ukrainian presidency, and the island of [[Khortytsia]], the origin and center of the [[Zaporozhian Sich]], has been restored. The video game [[Cossacks: European Wars]] is a Ukrainian-made game series influenced by Cossack culture.

Cossacks are also mentioned outside Europe. The Japanese anime [[The Doraemons]], part of the larger [[Doraemon]] anime series, has a Cossack character, Dora-nichov, who is from Russia.